BACKGROUND Sexual violence (SV), the manifestation of social, psychological, and economic subordination of women, has existed since ancient times, but has remained largely hidden. It is now being recognized as important public health concern worldwide carce, mostly incomplete studies indicate that SV is commonly a component of intimate partner violence (IPV). Much of the information, which comes from the police and health services, is under estimates, since only small fraction of women who experience SV reach these services. Available literature reveals that in some countries such as Africa, Ireland, nearly one of four women suffer SV by intimate partner and up to one-third adolescent girls report forced sexual initiation. [1-5] It could be that it is more prevalent in low resource settings due to lack of education, information, cultural differences and that women are not aware of their rights. Despite its prevalence, it has received relatively less attention from the social scientists, practitioners, justice system and the society as a whole. SV as marital rape continues to be debated and women continue to suffer. In World Health Organization (WHO) definition of SV "SV is a serious public health and human rights problem with both short-and long-term consequences on women's physical, mental, and sexual and reproductive health. Whether SV occurs in the context of an intimate partnership, within the larger family or community structure, or during times of conflict, it is a deeply violating and painful experience for the survivor" was used. [6] Research is essential to understand the subject in depth for implementation of policies, which will further lead to prevention and better care of victims. The present study was aimed to look into the magnitude of SV among married women in low resource settings.
In pregnancy there is increased blood volume, heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), and cardiac output (CO).Present study was to assess the predictive value of serial measurements of cardiac output between 8 -32 weeks of pregnancy for prediction of maternal disorders. Cardiac output was measured by thoracic electrical impedance plethysmography at 10 ± 2 weeks, 14 ± 2 weeks, 18 ± 2 weeks, 22 ± 2 weeks, 26 ± 2 weeks and 30 ± 2 weeks of pregnancy. These women were followed till 7 days post-partum. Pregnant women having high cardiac output developed hypertensive disorders and those having low cardiac output developed intrauterine growth restriction and oligohydramnios.
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