The clean energy demand and limited fossil fuel reserves require an alternate source that is sustainable and eco-friendly. This demand for clean energy steered the introduction of biofuels such as bioethanol and biodiesel. The third-generation biodiesel is promising as it surpasses the difficulties associated with food security and land usage. The third-generation biodiesel comprises biodiesel derived from oil produced by oleaginous microbes. The term oleaginous refers to microbes with the ability to accumulate lipids to about 20% of the biomass and is found in the form of triacylglycerols. Yeasts can be grown easily on a commercial scale and are amenable to modifications to increase single-cell oil (SCO) productivity. The oleaginous yeast L. starkeyi is a potential lipid producer that can accumulate up to 70% of SCO of its cell dry weight under optimum conditions. Compared to other oleaginous organisms, it can be grown on a wide range of feedstock and a good part of the lipid produced can be converted to biodiesel. This review presents the recent advances in single-cell oil production from L starkeyi and strategies to increase lipid production are analyzed.
Cellulases are commercially important enzymes with application in various industries such as biofuel, detergent, food processing, brewery, pulp and paper. To make its production cost-effective, a preferred method is to use solid-state fermentation and with use of inexpensive substrates. Solid-state fermentation is an alternative culturing method and yields higher enzymes compared to submerged fermentation. In the current study, Aspergillus niger was isolated and further developed as inoculum for solid-state fermentation. Agroindustrial discards like banana pseudostem, jackfruit waste were used as the substrates. The substrates were pretreated by acid and were characterized by FTIR analysis to confirm the presence of cellulosic content. Different concentrations of the substrates were attempted for fermentation and the yield of the enzyme was compared. The solid-state fermentation was stable for enzyme production as well as microbial growth. The cellulase activity per gram of the substrate (U/g) was obtained maximum for jackfruit waste-based media (17±1.1 U/g). Both the lignocellulosic substrates were potential substrates for the production of cellulase enzyme. With further optimization and scale-up, this could be a cheap and sustainable process. This study has validated agro-industrial waste’s bioconversion into value-added products that have a remarkable environmental and economic advantage.
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