Hazardous health-care waste poses a great danger to public health and the environment if it is not properly managed. There is need for health-care workers involved in its management to understand the integral link between human health and environmental health. This study was done to identify gaps in knowledge, attitude and practice among the healthcare workers involved in its management hence endangering public health and polluting the environment. A self administered questionnaire was used in both Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret to clinicians, nurses, laboratory technologists and hospital attendants to identify the gaps with a focus on their knowledge, attitude and practice. It was found that health and safety in health-care waste management, was not included in most of the curricula for training the three healthcare professionals. Most of them acquired this through on-job training from seminars and informally through organized talks at work-places. The hospital attendants had also an opportunity to acquire the knowledge through organized training at work places. The training improved the workers' compliance to hepatitis B vaccinations and use of personal protective equipment when handling health-care waste. There was also reduction on injuries from health-care waste. This study therefore concludes that it is necessary for healthcare workers training curricula to include health and safety issues while managing hazardous health-care waste as well as establishes the need for healthcare institutions to conduct continuing education on health and safety in the management of health-care waste.
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of lead time management practice on supply chain leverage of sugar manufacturing firms in Kenya Methodology: A census survey sampling was adopted and conducted on all the 15 sugar manufacturing firms in Kenya forming the unit of analysis. A sample size of 241 respondents comprising of Procurement officers, Finance officers, Production managers and senior managers was obtained randomly from the sugar manufacturing firms. Convenience sampling was then employed to select officers and managers from the sugar manufacturing firms. Structured and semi-structured research questionnaires were used to collect primary data from the respondents. The questionnaires were dropped and picked later to enhance the response rate. The qualitative and quantitative data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics in SPSS version 28. Inferential analysis was further carried out by correlation analysis, regression analysis and hypothesis testing. The results were then presented using tables, graphs, charts and histograms. Results: Lead time management Practice was found to have a significant effect on supply chain leverage of sugar manufacturing (t =5.05, p =.000), from the study results. This meant that a change in lead time management practice had a significant change on supply chain leverage of sugar manufacturing firms in Kenya. The study further revealed that lead time management and supply chain leverage had a statistically significant association (R =.779, R2 =.607). Consequently, lead time management practice was responsible for 60.7 percent of the variation in Supply chain leverage of sugar manufacturing firms in Kenya in terms of production efficiency, production flexibility and cost reduction. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study recommends that individual sugar manufacturing firms observes lead time practices in the acquisition of raw material supplies ensuring the shortest possible lead time, to increase production optimization and efficiency, thus supporting the theory of constraints. Consequently the sugar manufacturing firms will incur limited inventory related costs associated with stock outs or overstocking hence promoting performance, resource optimization and production efficiency and flexibility.
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