The average construction time of the 34 units that started up in the world between 2003 and July 2013 was 9.4 years. Reactor Status and Nuclear Programs • Startups and Shutdowns. Only three reactors started up in 2012, while six were shut down 10 and in 2013 up to 1 July, only one started up, while four shutdown decisions-all in the U.S.-were taken in the first half of 2013. 11 Three of those four units faced costly repairs, but one, Kewaunee, Wisconsin, was running well and had received a license renewal just two years ago to operate up to a total of 60 years; it simply became uneconomic to run. As of 1 July 2013, there were only two reactors operating in Japan and how many others will receive permission to restart and over what timeframe remains highly uncertain. • Newcomer Program Delays. Engagement in nuclear programs has been delayed by most of the potential newcomer countries, including Bangladesh,

The average construction time of the 34 units that started up in the world between 2003 and July 2013 was 9.4 years. Reactor Status and Nuclear Programs • Startups and Shutdowns. Only three reactors started up in 2012, while six were shut down 10 and in 2013 up to 1 July, only one started up, while four shutdown decisions-all in the U.S.-were taken in the first half of 2013. 11 Three of those four units faced costly repairs, but one, Kewaunee, Wisconsin, was running well and had received a license renewal just two years ago to operate up to a total of 60 years; it simply became uneconomic to run. As of 1 July 2013, there were only two reactors operating in Japan and how many others will receive permission to restart and over what timeframe remains highly uncertain. • Newcomer Program Delays. Engagement in nuclear programs has been delayed by most of the potential newcomer countries, including Bangladesh,

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Concerns about climate and energy security are leading to greater government intervention in the energy sector than has existed since before the start of energy market liberalization several decades ago. This trend is expected to continue as both concerns intensify. Fossil fuels provide 80 per cent of global energy while being responsible for 60 per cent of global greenhouse gas emissions. If the objective of climate change policies, namely an effectively zero-carbon-emitting energy sector in the developed world by 2050, and substantially lower carbon emissions in the developing world too, is to be achieved, within a generation the way in which energy is produced and used will have to have changed totally. Similarly, as easily accessible sources of oil and gas become scarce, and remaining resources become ever more concentrated in unstable or unfriendly regions, energy security will require major changes, particularly for oil and the transport sector.There are a number of ways to reduce emissions from the energy sector. Improving energy efficiency unambiguously addresses climate and energy security concerns simultaneously. It has the added advantage of often being cheap to achieve, with many energy efficiency measures delivering financial savings. This can be seen across all sectors, for example in vehicles, electrical appliances, and the heating and cooling of buildings. In addition, relative to most supply options, efficiency measures are in general quick to implement. Without efficiency improvements, supply-side initiatives can bring only limited success in respect of either climate change or energy security.Yet efficiency alone is far from enough-and supply-side options introduce greater complications. Such options include switching to fuels with lower intensity of emissions; switching to near-zero-emission sources; and capturing and storing emissions that result from the combustion of fossil fuels. There are also various mechanisms available to increase reliable access to energy at reasonable and stable prices without introducing additional security problems: greater exploitation of traditional energy sources; exploitation of unconventional fossil energy sources; enhanced exploitation of non-fossil fuel sources; greater quality of supply from existing sources (reducing interruptions of supply caused by political, environmental or technical factors); and decreased energy demand through energy efficiency.While many of these options will improve both energy and climate security, many measures will benefit one cause while harming the other. This raises an

Global resource markets are still reeling from the impacts of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine; the two countries are major suppliers of energy, food and fertilizers. Supply disruption and the sudden imposition, in response to the crisis, of unprecedented economic sanctions, trade restrictions and policy interventions have caused prices of commodities to skyrocket. Before the conflict, demand for global resources already exceeded supply and drove up prices as economies rebounded after the COVID-19 pandemic. This gave rise to a global cost-of-living crisis, characterized by increasing levels of energy and food poverty. This situation is likely to become much worse as a consequence of the war in Ukraine, and poses a threat to human security, particularly among low-income and vulnerable populations. Governments must invest now to build resilient societies and economies to meet these long-term challenges. Mitigating the most immediate harms to populations is a top priority for policymakers, but failure to keep long-term objectives in mind – climate change mitigation, in particular – can lead to bad decisions that further embed existing fragilities in economic and social systems.

Foundation for their generous support for this project.A big thank you to John Corbett for his extensive research assistance on finances and to Philippe Rivière for his creative work on the website and his generous assistance at any time of the day.The report has greatly benefitted from partial or full proof-reading, editing suggestions and comments by Aileen Smith, Amory B. Lovins, Miles Goldstick, MV Ramana and Shaun Burnie. Thank you all.Special thanks to Anna Jeretic for making available the beautiful artwork and to Adélaïde Dubois-Taine for designing the cover page. NoteThis report contains a very large amount of factual and numerical data. While we do our utmost to verify and double-check, nobody is perfect. The authors are always grateful for corrections and suggestions of improvement.

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