The thermodynamic properties of the Desulfovibrio vulgaris (Hildenborough) tetrahaem cytochrome c3 (Dvc,) are rationalised by a model which involves both homotropic (e-/e-) and heterotropic (e-/H+) cooperativity. The paramagnetic shifts of a methyl group from each haem of the DVC, have been determined in each stage of oxidation at several pH values by means of two-dimensional exchange NMR. The thermodynamic parameters are obtained by fitting the model to the NMR data and to redox titrations followed by visible spectroscopy. They show significant positive cooperativity between two of the haems whereas the remaining interactions appear to be largely electrostatic in origin. These parameters imply that the protein undergoes a proton-assisted two-electron transfer which can be used for energy transduction. Comparison with the crystal structure together with measurement of the kinetics of proton exchange suggest that the pH dependence is mediated by a charged residue(s) readily acessible to the solvent and close to haem I.Keywords: cooperativity ; energy transduction ; multiheme cytochrome ; NMR ; redox-Bohr.The functional cooperativity between different regions of some proteins [ l ] is a fundamental property to control and coordinate important chemical events in the living cell. Although the molecular basis for the fine regulation of several types of cooperativity mechanisms has been successfully established [2], little is known about the structural basis for electron/electron and electron/proton cooperativities and their role either in electron transfer or in energy transduction [3].Desulfovibrio spp. cytochrome c, is a small (=14 m a ) , monomeric tetrahaem protein which exhibits cooperativity between the four haems and acidmase group(s): the haem redox potentials are pH dependent (redox-Bohr effect) and each haem redox potential is dependent on the oxidation state of the other three haems (redox interaction potentials) [4-61. Due to its small size and the fact that the haems are diamagnetic in the reduced state and paramagnetic in the oxidised one, NMR is particularly well suited to characterise this protein from the structural and thermodynamic point of view [4,[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15].Furthermore, several X-ray structures are available for cytochromes c3 from Desulfovibrio spp. [16-231.The thermodynamic properties of cytochrome c, have been analysed by previous NMR studies [4,5,8,15, 241. In the first of these studies an NMR data set obtained at two discrete pH values for Desulfovibrio gigas cytochrome c, was used to calculate nine parameters (three relative microscopic redox potentials and six haem-haem redox interactions) for each pH value, independently treated. The redox interaction potentials were fixed according to the maximum concentration reached by the intermediate oxidation stages (defined according to the number of oxidised haems) in redox titrations followed by NMR [4]. Using the same NMR data set, a second study proposed a model with 21 parameters in which the four haem redox potentials ...

The first crystal structure of a native di-iron center in an iron-storage protein (bacterio)ferritin is reported. The protein, isolated from the anaerobic bacterium Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, has the unique property of having Fe-coproporphyrin III as its heme cofactor. The three-dimensional structure of this bacterioferritin was determined in three distinct catalytic/redox states by X-ray crystallography (at 1.95, 2.05 and 2.35 A resolution), corresponding to different intermediates of the di-iron ferroxidase site. Conformational changes associated with these intermediates support the idea of a route for iron entry into the protein shell through a pore that passes through the di-iron center. Molecular surface and electrostatic potential calculations also suggest the presence of another ion channel, distant from the channels at the three- and four-fold axes proposed as points of entry for the iron atoms.

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The proton NMR spectra of the tetrahaem cytochrome c3 from Desulfovibrio gigas were examined while varying the pH and the redox potential. The analysis of the N M R reoxidation pattern was based on a model for the electron distribution between the four haems that takes into account haem-haem redox interactions. The intramolecular electron exchange is fast on the N M R time scale (larger than lo5 s-I ) . The NMR data concerning the pH dependence of the chemical shift of haem methyl resonances in different oxidation steps and resonance intensities are not compatible with a non-interacting model and can be explained assuming a redox interaction between the haems. A complete analysis at pH* = 7.2 and 9.6, shows that the haem-haem interacting potentials cover a range from -50 mV to +60 mV. The midpoint redox potentials of some of the haems, as well as some of their interacting potentials, are pH-dependent. The physiological relevance of the modulation of the haem midpoint redox potentials by both the pH and the redox potential of the solution is discussed.Cy tochromc c3 ( M , 13 000) is a multihaem protein found in anaerobic sulfate-reducing bacteria belonging to the genus Desulfuvibrin. Each molecule contains four haems with an unusually low redox potential. They are covalently attached to the polypeptide chain by thioether linkages provided by cysteinyl residues and two histidines are used as axial ligands.Cytochrome [39] have been applied to elucidate the mechanism of electron transfer in cytochrome c3.The midpoint redox potentials of the four haems are different, in general. EPR measurements coupled with potentiometric titrations were performed to determine the midpoint redox potentials of the individual haems of D. gigas cytochrome c3 [27] (-235mV, -235mV, -306mV, -315mV) [35]; the experiments were fitted by digital simulations and the best fit was obtained with -220mV, -272mV, -292mV, and --310mV, for the four macroscopic midpoint redox potentials. Bianco et al. [36] reported values of -170mV, -310mV, -360mV and -400mV for the half-wave potentials of cytochrome c3 from D. desidfuricans (Norway 4). However. it should be emphasized that the individual potentials obtained from electrochemical studies are macroscopic rather than microscopic parameters and can not be compared directly with the values obtained from EPR measurements. Furthermore, thc EPR measurements

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In the anaerobic respiration of sulfate, performed by sulfate-reducing prokaryotes, reduction of the terminal electron acceptor takes place in the cytoplasm. The membrane-associated electron transport chain that feeds electrons to the cytoplasmic reductases is still very poorly characterized. In this study we report the isolation and characterization of a novel membrane-bound redox complex from Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ATCC 27774. This complex is formed by three subunits, and contains two hemes b, two FAD groups and several iron-sulfur centers. The two hemes b are low-spin, with macroscopic redox potentials of +75 and -20 mV at pH 7.6. Both hemes are reduced by menadiol, a menaquinone analogue, indicating a function for this complex in the respiratory electron-transport chain. EPR studies of the as-isolated and dithionite-reduced complex support the presence of a [3Fe-4S](1+/0) center and at least four [4Fe-4S](2+/1+) centers. Cloning of the genes coding for the complex subunits revealed that they form a putative transcription unit and have homology to subunits of heterodisulfide reductases (Hdr). The first and second genes code for soluble proteins that have homology to HdrA, whereas the third gene codes for a novel type of membrane-associated protein that contains both a hydrophobic domain with homology to the heme b protein HdrE and a hydrophilic domain with homology to the iron-sulfur protein HdrC. Homologous operons are found in the genomes of other sulfate-reducing organisms and in the genome of the green-sulfur bacterium Chlorobium tepidum TLS. The isolated complex is the first example of a new family of respiratory complexes present in anaerobic prokaryotes.

The hydrogenase from Desulfovibrio baculatus (DSM 1743) was purified from each of three different fractions: soluble periplasmic (wash), soluble cytoplasmic (cell disruption) and membrane-bound (detergent solubilization). Plasma-emission metal analysis detected in all three fractions the presence of iron plus nickel and selenium in equimolecular amounts. These hydrogenases were shown to be composed of two non-identical subunits and were distinct with respect to their spectroscopic properties. The EPR spectra of the native (as isolated) enzymes showed very weak isotropic signals centered around g x 2.0 when observed at low temperature (below 20 K). The periplasmic and membrane-bound enzymes also presented additional EPR signals, observable up to 77 K, with g greater than 2.0 and assigned to nickel(II1). The periplasmic hydrogenase exhibited EPR features at 2.20, 2.06 and 2.0. The signals observed in the membrane-bound preparations could be decomposed into two sets with g at 2.34, 2.16 and x 2.0 (component I) and at 2.33, 2.24, and x 2.0 (component 11). In the reduced state, after exposure to an Hz atmosphere, all the hydrogenase fractions gave identical EPR spectra. EPR studies, performed at different temperatures and microwave powers, and in samples partially and fully reduced (under hydrogen or dithionite), allowed the identification of two different iron-sulfur centers : center I (2.03, 1.89 and 1.86) detectable below 10 K, and center I1 (2.06, 1.95 and 1.88) which was easily saturated at low temperatures. Additional EPR signals due to transient nickel species were detected with g greater than 2.0, and a rhombic EPR signal at 77 K developed at g 2.20, 2.16 and 2.0. This EPR signal is reminiscent of the Ni-signal C (g at 2.19, 2.14 and 2.02) observed in intermediate redox states of the well characterized Desulfovibrio gigas hydrogenase (Teixeira et al. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 89421. During the course of a redox titration at pH 7.6 using Hz gas as reductant, this signal attained a maximal intensity around -320 mV. Low-temperature studies of samples at redox states where this rhombic signal develops (10 K or lower) revealed the presence of a fastrelaxing complex EPR signal with g at 2.25, 2.22, 2.15, 2.12, 2.10 and broad components at higher field. The soluble hydrogenase fractions did not show a time-dependent activation but the membrane-bound form required such a step in order to express full activity. This indicates that the redox state of the isolated enzyme is important for the full expression of enzymatic activity. The catalytic properties were also followed by the proton-deuterium exchange reaction. The isolated hydrogenases produced Hz/HD ratios higher than those observed for nonselenium-containing hydrogenases.The enzyme responsible for the biological activation of H2, termed hydrogenase [l, 21, has a central role in many relevant anaerobic processes where molecular hydrogen is oxidized or evolved. Also, molecular hydrogen, via the hydrogenase system, is a link between different bacterial consortia w...