ORCID IDs: 0000-0002-6609-7242 (C.M.-P); 0000-0002-2210-9547 (B.S.-C.); 0000-0001-5284-8837 (J.J.-R.); 0000-0002-1814-9212 (F.J.C.); 0000-0002-9477-9195 (J.J.B.).Nitro-fatty acids (NO 2 -FAs) are the product of the reaction between reactive nitrogen species derived of nitric oxide (NO) and unsaturated fatty acids. In animal systems, NO 2 -FAs are considered novel signaling mediators of cell function based on a proven antiinflammatory response. Nevertheless, the interaction of NO with fatty acids in plant systems has scarcely been studied. Here, we examine the endogenous occurrence of nitro-linolenic acid (NO 2 -Ln) in Arabidopsis and the modulation of NO 2 -Ln levels throughout this plant's development by mass spectrometry. The observed levels of this NO 2 -FA at picomolar concentrations suggested its role as a signaling effector of cell function. In fact, a transcriptomic analysis by RNA-seq technology established a clear signaling role for this molecule, demonstrating that NO 2 -Ln was involved in plant defense response against different abiotic-stress conditions, mainly by inducing heat shock proteins and supporting a conserved mechanism of action in both animal and plant defense processes. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that NO 2 -Ln was also involved in the response to oxidative stress conditions, mainly depicted by H 2 O 2 , reactive oxygen species, and oxygen-containing compound responses, with a high induction of ascorbate peroxidase expression. Closely related to these results, NO 2 -Ln levels significantly rose under several abiotic-stress conditions such as wounding or exposure to salinity, cadmium, and low temperature, thus validating the outcomes found by RNA-seq technology. Jointly, to our knowledge, these are the first results showing the endogenous presence of NO 2 -Ln in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and supporting the strong signaling role of these molecules in the defense mechanism against different abiotic-stress situations.

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The world population is growing by 1 billion people every 10 years. There will come a time when there will be more people to feed but less land to grow food. Greenhouses can be the solution to this problem because they provide the highest production yield per m2 and also use less water, provide food safety, and offer high quality. Photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) favors vegetable growth with a specific blue and red light ratio. Thus, increasing the amount of red light improves chlorophyll absorption and photosynthetic efficiency. In this article, we present a hybrid system that combines luminescent materials and photonic crystals for better management of the light reaching the greenhouse. The luminescent dyes considered herein are combined ensuring a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) nonradiative mechanism to enhance the absorption range. The designed photonic crystal maximizes reflections in the Near-Infrared (NIR) range, and therefore, thermal losses are minimized. Thus, by converting harmful or ineffective radiation for plant growth to the PAR region, we aim to demonstrate growth-condition enhancement for the different vegetables that have been used as a model.

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