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Concentrations of seven heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn) and one metalloid (As) as well as various parameters (pH, organic carbon, granulometric analysis and cation exchange capacity) were analyzed in 77 soil samples collected in the mining areas of La Zanja and Colquirrumi (Department of Cajamarca) and Julcani (Department of Huancavelica). Our study proposed geochemical baseline values for heavy metals in a natural region (La Zanja) from samples collected during the period of the environmental impact study (2006), that is, from an earlier period which occurred at the beginning of the exploitation of the current gold mine. The baseline values obtained were as follows: 8.26 mg·kg−1 for Cr; 56.97 mg·kg−1 for Ni; 22, 20 mg·kg−1 for the Cu; 47.42 mg·kg−1 for Zn; 27.50 mg·kg−1 for As; 4.36 mg·kg−1 for Cd; 4.89 mg·kg−1 for Hg, and 44.87 mg·kg−1 for Pb. Through the use of different indices of heavy metal contamination (geo-accumulation index (Igeo), improved Nemerow index (IIN) and potential ecological risk index (RI)), the degree of pollution caused by mining activities in two areas, Colquirrumi and Julcani, which have a high density of mining sites in operation, was determined. The values obtained from these indices indicated that the Colquirrumi region was the most contaminated, followed by Julcani. The area of La Zanja, despite being free of mining operations, presented slight diffuse pollution. Several positive correlations were obtained, with a high level of significance, between pH, organic carbon content, cation exchange capacity, and the Cr, Pb and Ni concentrations of the soils. The spatial distribution of the heavy metals was realized by means of the interpolation method of ordinary kriging. The results obtained and the experience gained in this work were necessary to facilitate the identification of soil contamination processes in high altitude areas of the Andes Western Cordillera (Peru) as a basis for taking appropriate measures when restoring soils, during mine closure processes, and to protect the quality of soil resources.

This paper presents an analysis of the vulnerability (AVI Index) and hazard of flooding by sea level rise (FRI Index) in the central Algarve (South Portugal), between the cities of Portimão and Tavira, which is an area of intense urban impact and fast growing tourism. The vulnerability index was calculated using the following parametric thematic maps: lithology, geomorphology, slopes, elevations, distances, bathymetry, variations of the coastline, wave height and activity, variations of sea level and tidal range. The AVI Index was validated by the results obtained from the analysis of the risk of flooding from the FHI Index applied to several time horizons (X 0-present, X 1-100 years, X 2-500 years, X 3-1000 year, X 4-Storm and X 5-Tsunami). Application of GIS and remote sensing techniques, viz. spatial analysis, interpolation processes and geostatistical analysis, permitted a regional forecasting model of change in the mean sea level and the ensuing consequences to be established. Analysis of the obtained results shows an increase in potential flood zones in populous coastal tourist areas with a high risk of exposure and a significant spatial extent of 8.84 km 2 only in Faro municipality. The assessment and delineation of other endangered sectors could contribute to designing appropriate long-term management policies for the coastal of Central Algarve.

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The environmental quality of soil in the central part of the Northern Plateau of Spain has been analyzed by studying the heavy metal content of 166 samples belonging to the horizons A, B and C of 89 soil profiles. The analysis to assess the environmental risk of heavy metals in the soil was carried out by means of the spatial distribution of nine heavy metals and the use of several pollution indices. The results showed that the concentration values of heavy metals (normalxfalse¯ ± S) in the superficial soil horizons were the following: With a total of 6.71 ± 3.51 mg·kg−1, the contents of Cd is 0.08 ± 0.06 mg·kg−1, Co is 6.49 ± 3.21 mg·kg−1, Cu is 17.19 ± 10.69 mg·kg−1, Cr is 18.68 ± 12.28 mg·kg−1, Hg is 0.083 ± 0.063 mg·kg−1, Ni is 12.05 ± 6.76 mg·kg−1, Pb is 14.10 ± 11.32 mg·kg−1 and Zn is 35.31 ± 14.63 mg·kg−1. These nine metals exceed the values of the natural geological background level of Tertiary period sediments and rocks that form part of the Northern Plateau in Spain. Nemerow and Potential Ecological Risk indices were calculated, with the “improved” Nemerow index allowing pollution within the soil superficial horizons to be determined. The data obtained indicated that the majority of the soil (54.61%) showed low to moderate contamination, 22.31% showed moderate contamination and 21.54% of the samples were not contaminated. If we consider the Potential of Ecological Risk Index (RI), the largest percentage of soil samples showed low (70.79%) to moderate (25.38%) ecological risk of potential contamination, where the rest of the soil presented a considerable risk of contamination. The nine trace elements were divided into three principal components: PC1 (Cu, Cr, Ni, Co and Zn), PC2 (As and Hg) and PC3 (Cd). All metals accumulated in the soil came from parent rock, agricultural practices and the run-off of residual waters towards rivers and streams caused by industrial development and an increase in population density. Finally, cartography of the spatial distribution of the heavy metal contents in the soil of the Northern Plateau of Spain was generated using Kriging interpolation methods. Furthermore, the total heavy metal contents in three soil orders present in the area, namely Entisols, Inceptisols, and Alfisols, were analyzed. Other soil parameters, such as the organic matter content, pH, clay content and cation exchange capacity, was measured to determine their influence on and correlation with the heavy metal contents.

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