The danger of an immediate jaw fracture can be avoided by means of proper instrumentation and by refraining from excessive force on the bone. The tooth should be sectioned in such a way as to minimize the extent of bone removal and force caused by instrumentation. The danger of a late jaw fracture can be avoided by precise diagnosis in cases of patients over 25 years of age, particularly men, whose tooth roots are superimposed on or adjacent to the inferior alveolar canal on a panoramic image, any local pathology and systemic disease or medications which may impair bone strength, and patients who present bruxism and are active athletes.

The findings suggest that gender should be taken into account when the foramina studied here are to be located. The mean location of the infraorbital nerve was about 6.5 mm inferior to the inferior orbital rim (at the point where one can palpate the zygomatico-maxillary suture), about 25 mm from the midline, and about 43 mm below the supraorbital foramen in the same vertical line. Extra care should be taken during surgical dissection in the superior orbital region especially in the middle aspect of the superior orbital rim. In general, there were changes in measurements between the genders, but the ratios of these measurements with the horizontal and vertical measurements chosen remained the same between the genders.

The selection of an expansion technique depends on a number of factors. It is more likely to advocate surgery as the patient's age, transverse needs, or acceptance of the idea of surgery increases.

It is concluded that inferior alveolar nerve transposition can be safely and predictably performed with low risk to the mental nerve sensibility. Each patient should be advised of the chance of permanent nerve deficit throughout the distribution of the mental nerve. Alternative restorative solutions should also be considered.

Presurgical planning is essential to achieve esthetic and functional implants. For implant planning and placement, the association of computer-aided design (CAD) and computeraided manufacturing (CAM) techniques furnishes some advantages regarding tridimensional determination of the patient's anatomy and fabrication of both anatomic models and surgical guides. The goal of this clinical study was to determine the angular deviations between planned and placed zygomatic implants using stereolithographic surgical guides in human cadavers. A total of 16 zygomatic implants were placed, 4 in each cadaver, with the use of stereolithographic (SLA) surgical guides generated by computed tomography (CT). A new CT scan was made after implant insertion. The angle between the long axis of the planned and actual implants was calculated. The mean angular deviation of the long axis between the planned and placed implants was 8.06 6 6.40 (mean 6 SD) for the anteriorposterior view, and 11.20 6 9.75 (mean 6 SD) for the caudal-cranial view. Use of the zygomatic implant, in the context of this protocol, should probably be reevaluated because some large deviations were noted. An implant insertion guiding system is needed because this last step is carried out manually. It is recommended that the sinus slot technique should be used together with the CT-based drilling guide to enhance final results. Further research to enhance the precision of zygomatic implant placement should be undertaken.

The results of this research showed that the presence or absence of the teeth can alter mandibular shape and that mandibular edentulism may be associated with specific shape changes in the mandible. The dental status has a higher influence on the mandibular anatomy than the difference in gender.

Preference for one technique over the other should take into consideration the concavity formed by the ridge crest, maxillary sinus, and region of implant insertion in the zygomatic bone.

The present study measured the position of the greater palatine foramen relative to adjacent anatomical landmarks in Brazilian skulls. The perpendicular distance of the greater palatine foramen to the midline maxillary suture in Brazilian skulls was about 14 mm and the distance of greater palatine foramen to the incisive foramen was approximately 36 mm. The distance of greater palatine foramen to the posterior border of the hard palate was approximately 3 mm, and the mean angle between the midline maxillary suture and the line from the incisive foramen and the greater palatine foramen was 22.71 degrees . In almost 70% of the cases, the greater palatine foramen opened in an anterior direction. The mean palatine length was approximately 52 mm. In the greater majority of the skulls (93.81%), the greater palatine foramina were opposite or distal to the maxillary third molar. These data will be helpful in comparing these skulls to those from various other regions as well as comparing skulls of different races. It can also provide professionals with anatomical references, in order to block the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve through the greater palatine foramen. Our results would help clinicians locate the greater palatine foramen in patients with and without upper molars.