This systematic review analyzes the evidence of the effects of physical activity governmental programs oriented toward the health of independent older adults. Medline, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and Psychology & Behavioral Sciences Collection databases were used for data mining, and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols recommendations were followed. Five studies (n = 2,545 participants) fulfilled the established inclusion criteria. The physical activity programs had beneficial effects on the older adults' quality of life, fall risk, activities of daily living, physical activity levels, nutritional risk, body mass index, arterial pressure, resting heart rate, blood glucose, triglycerides, and/or cholesterol, but did not significantly alter their body fat mass percentage. Programs involving diverse physical capacities seem to be more effective for healthy aging. It is recommended that governments start to disseminate the outcomes of these programs within society and the scientific community.

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Objective: This study aimed to determine the relationship between metabolic flexibility (MetFlex) measured during a euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp and a prolonged fast. This study also analyzed the association between MetFlex and metabolic health. Methods: Eighteen healthy men (mean [SD]: 22 [2] years old; BMI: 22 [1] kg/m 2 ) performed two sessions: (1) euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp (2 mIU/kg of insulin per minute) and (2) ~20-hour fast. Clamp MetFlex corresponded to the change in (Δ) respiratory quotient (RQ) (ΔRQ = postchallenge RQ − prechallenge RQ) adjusted for M value and prechallenge RQ. Prolonged fast MetFlex corresponded to the ΔRQ adjusted for the Δβ-hydroxybutyrate and prechallenge RQ. Results: MetFlex during the clamp related directly with MetFlex during prolonged fast (r = 0.59, P = 0.014). Using the median of MetFlex for each challenge, this study split participants into high or low MetFlex. Participants with high or low MetFlex to both challenges were identified. Participants with high MetFlex had 3% lower serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol than participants with low MetFlex (P = 0.021). Conclusions: Measuring MetFlex during a clamp or a prolonged fast produces similar results, despite challenging the oxidation of different substrates. An impaired MetFlex in response to these challenges may be an early event in the development of abnormal lipid metabolism. Original Article OBESITY BIOLOGY AND INTEGRATED PHYSIOLOGY Study ImportanceWhat is already known?► Metabolic flexibility (MetFlex) is the capacity to adapt fuel oxidation to fuel availability. ► Impaired MetFlex in response to increases of glucose availability, as in the glucose clamp, associates with ectopic lipid accumulation and insulin resistance.What does this study add?► We measured MetFlex during a glucose clamp and a prolonged fast considering fuel oxidation and fuel availability. ► MetFlex responses to these contrasting metabolic challenges were directly related. How might these results change the direction of research?► MetFlex should be computed by considering not only fuel oxidation but also fuel availability. ► With this method, similar MetFlex responses to glucose clamp and prolonged fast can be obtained.

Objetivo. Asociar los índices antropométricos de salud con la condición física de las mujeres mayores (MM) que participan en talleres de ejercicio físico. Material y métodos. Participaron 272 mujeres chilenas mayores de 60 años. Las variables correspondieron al IMC, perímetro de cintura (PC), índice cintura estatura (ICE) y condición física (CF). Se realizaron correlaciones a través del coeficiente de Pearson o Spearman, y asociaciones bivariadas mediante ji cuadrada de Pearson y el test exacto de Fisher, considerando un p<0.05. Resultados. De las MM, 70.8% alcanzó sobrepeso u obesidad; y 68.8% y 96% riesgo cardiometabólico de acuerdo con PC e ICE, respectivamente. Su CF presentó un rendimiento igual (53.5%) o superior (33.8%) según su edad y sexo. Se encontraron correlaciones inversas entre estado nutricional y riesgo cardiometabólico con las pruebas de CF (excepto la agilidad y equilibrio dinámico, en donde la relación fue directa), y asociación directa con juntar manos. Conclusiones. El exceso de peso en MM físicamente activas no afecta su rendimiento físico-funcional; sin embargo, el riesgo cardiometabólico se asocia inversamente con la funcionalidad motriz.

ARRIAZA, E.; RODRÍGUEZ, C.; CARRASCO, C.; MARDONES, C.; NIEDMANN, L. & LÓPEZ-FUENZALIDA, A.Anthropometric characteristics of elite rhythmic gymnasts. Int. J. Morphol., 34(1):17-22, 2016. SUMMARY:The main aim of this study was to identify the morphological characteristics, to determine the tendency in the physical structure, differences and similarities according to categories based on age of the Chilean team of Rhythmic Gymnastics. We performed an anthropometric analysis of 60 gymnasts, fractioned by categories: preschoolers and schoolers (n= 11), junior (n= 28) and senior (n= 21). The anthropometric analysis was determined based on the study of the body composition, through pentacompartimental fractionation method (Kerr), somatotype (Heath & Carter) and the body mass index (Quetelet). The results showed significant differences between preschoolers and schoolers and higher categories (junior and senior) in the general anthropometric variables of body mass, height and BMI. Regarding the body composition, we only found significant differences in the percentage of muscle mass between the preschoolers and schoolers when being compared with the other two categories. In the study of somatotype, the prevalence of ectomorphic categorization was only found in the preschoolers and schoolers (meso-ectomorph), while in the junior category a mesomorph-ectomorph somatotype was observed and a central type in the senior category. We conclude that the morphology of the selected Chilean Rhythmic gymnastics depends on the category, as observed in the anthropometric characteristics related to the body composition and somatotype. Therefore, this factor is not useful in establishing a clearer tendency in the morph structure for this sport at a national level.

Abstract. The aim of the present study was to establish the effects of three conditions of post-activation potentiation (PAP) exercises on kicking frequency, fatigue rate (FR) and jump performance in novice and advanced taekwondo athletes. Secondarily, to establish if the PAP strength plus plyometrics exercises produced a significantly higher increase with respect to exercises of isolated strength and plyometrics. Eight university taekwondo athletes (n=4 novices and n=4 advanced) were randomized into four (one control and three experimental) intervention conditions. Kicking frequency and FR were evaluated with the Frequency Speed of Kicks Test (FSKT), and countermovement jump test (CMJ). Effect size (ES) was calculated and the significance level was stabilized at p<0.05. Advanced taekwondo athletes obtained significantly higher results when compared to novices in the control condition for the fifth FSKT-10s (p=0.019; ES=2.382); in the strength condition for the second FSKT-10s 2 (p=0.028; ES=2.590); and in the strength plus plyometrics condition for the first FSKT-10s (p=0.037; ES=1.805) and third FSKT-10s (p=0.027; ES=2.117). Furthermore, the control condition showed a difference when compared to strength plus plyometrics: on the first (p=0.040; ES=0.552) and second FSKT-10s (p=0.032; ES=0.687), respectively. The FR and CMJ did not significantly differ between the athletes nor between the intervention conditions. In conclusion, the PAP exercises did not improve kick frequency, FR and jump performance in the taekwondo athletes evaluated. However, these exercises did not produce adverse effects in the FR; thus, they could be used in taekwondo athletes with previous strength training.Resumen. El objetivo del presente estudio fue establecer los efectos de tres condiciones de ejercicios de potenciación post-activación (PAP) sobre la frecuencia de pateo, tasa de fatiga (TF) y saltabilidad en atletas de taekwondo novatos y avanzados. Secundariamente, establecer si los ejercicios de PAP de fuerza más pliometría producen un aumento significativamente mayor respecto a los ejercicios de fuerza y pliometría aislados. Ocho atletas universitarios de taekwondo (n=4 novatos y n=4 avanzados) fueron asignados aleatoriamente a cuatro condiciones de intervención (una control y tres experimentales). La frecuencia de pateo y TF se evaluaron con el Frequency Speed of Kicks Test (FSKT) y la saltabilidad con el salto contramovimiento (CMJ). Se calculó el tamaño del efecto (TE) y se estableció un nivel de significancia de p<0,05. Los atletas de taekwondo avanzados obtuvieron resultados significativamente mayores en comparación con los novatos en la condición control para el quinto FSKT-10 (p= 0,019; TE=2,382); en la condición de fuerza para el segundo FSKT-10s 2 (p=0,028; TE=2,590); y en la condición de fuerza más pliometría para el primer FSKT-10 (p=0,037; TE=1,805) y el tercer FSKT-10 (p=0,027; TE=2,117). Además, la condición control mostró diferencias al compararla con la condición de fuerza más pliometría en el primer (p=0,040; TE=0,552) y segundo FSKT-10s (p=0,032; TE=0,687), respectivamente. La TF y CMJ no presentaron diferencias significativas entre los atletas ni entre las condiciones de intervención. En conclusión, los ejercicios de PAP no mejoran la frecuencia de pateo, TF y saltabilidad en los atletas de taekwondo evaluados. Sin embargo, estos ejercicios no produjeron efectos adversos en la TF, lo que podría favorecer su uso con entrenamiento previo en fuerza.

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