The transport of heavy and ultra-viscous oil employing the core-flow technique has been increasing recently, because it provides a greater reduction of the pressure drop during the flow. In this context, the effect of temperature and the presence of gas on the thermo-hydrodynamics of a three-phase water-heavy oil-air flow in a horizontal pipe under the influence of gravity and drag forces, using the commercial software ANSYS CFX ® , have been evaluated. The standard κ − ε turbulence model, the mixture model for heavy oil-water system and the particle model for heavy oil-gas and water-gas systems, were adopted. Results of velocity, volume fraction, pressure and temperature fields of the phases present along the pipe are presented and discussed. It has been found that the presence of the air phase and the variation in the temperature affect the behavior of annular flow and pressure drop. -viscous oil, several techniques have been used, so that a decrease in pressure drop during the flow can be provided, thereby a reduction in the viscosity effect of the fluids present can occur. Among the techniques used
O semiárido do nordeste brasileiro tem sido castigado durante os últimos anos com uma estiagem prolongada caracterizada por precipitações irregulares e abaixo da média histórica para a região. Isso tem levado as populações a buscarem novas fontes de água para suprir suas necessidades. Uma das fontes mais procuradas são as águas subterrâneas. Foi o caso do município de Sousa no estado da Paraíba, que, por meio da prefeitura, promoveu a perfuração de diversos poços na zona urbana da cidade. No entanto, não foram feitos estudos hidroquímicos sobre a qualidade dessas águas. Neste sentido, este trabalho objetivou avaliar hidroquimicamente as águas subterrâneas de 13 poços da zona urbana do município de Sousa-PB no período de julho a dezembro de 2017. Foram avaliados os parâmetros pH, condutividade elétrica, carbonatos, bicarbonatos, cloretos, cálcio, magnésio, potássio e sódio. Verificou-se que as águas desses poços apresentam elevados teores de sólidos dissolvidos, tendo sido classificadas como sódico cloretadas e sódico bicarbonatadas. Com relação a um possível uso na agricultura, todas as amostras apresentaram um risco de salinização alto ou muito alto e um risco de sódio variando entre baixo e muito forte.
As the water produced comes from the oil and gas industry, the by-product generated in greater quantity and given its potential to cause environmental impacts, several techniques have been proposed in order to attenuate the concentration of its contaminants, among which we highlight the process of adsorption. In this context, the objective of this work was to characterize and treat the water produced by the adsorption in a finite bath, using activated carbon from coconut (Cocos nucifera L. )as an adsorbent . The results of the characterization of the effluent present fairly high values for total hardness, chlorides, sodium and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). We also carried out the characterization of the activated carbon by XRD and BET techniques, in which the low crystallinity and the high surface area of the material were proved. Through a factorial experimental design 22 and taking into account the mass of the adsorbent and the time of contact with the effluent, it was verified that, when using 0.2 g of adsorbent to 100 ml of effluent by stirring for 6 hours, it was possible to obtain a 100% reduction in the COD present in the water produced, which represents the high efficiency of the treatment.
Abstract-Proposals, and the BET area an increase of five times in the pore diameter, with the addition of the reagent to obtain higher porosity. It follows that the process of synthesis of SAPO-5 and SAPO-5M shows to be effective for increasing the area and pore volume and with this addition of the reagent to obtain the mesoporosity, did not alter the crystallinity nor the structure of the material.
<p>Activated carbons are organic materials characterized by the ability to adsorb impurities from fluids, being considerably used industrially. In the oil extraction industry, the water produced (WP) is an undesired effluent that, due to its toxic and contaminating characteristics related to its high total oil and grease (TOG), needs adequate treatment before it is directed to reuse or disposal. In this sense, activated carbon is shown as a viable alternative for the process of removing contaminants. In the present study, several tests were carried out with samples of activated carbon treated with hydrochloric acid in two samples of produced water, in order to determine the general efficiency of the adsorbent and the ideal proportions and exposure periods for an effective treatment. The percentage reduction rates reached approximately 100% and 75% for the two water samples from the different wells from which they were drawn. The results show the efficiency of the adsorptive process used to reduce the TOG content of the produced water.</p>
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.