This article aims to standardize 3D scanning and printing of dog skulls for educational use and evaluate the effectiveness of these anatomical printed models for a veterinary anatomy course. Skulls were selected for scanning and creating 3D-printed models through Fused Deposition Modeling using acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene. After a lecture on skull anatomy, the 3D-printed and real skull models were introduced during the practical bone class to 140 students. A bone anatomy practical test was conducted after a month; it consisted in identifying previously marked anatomical structures of the skull bones. The students were divided into two groups for the exam; the first group of students took the test on the real skulls, whereas the second group of students took the test on 3D-printed skulls. The students’ performance was evaluated using similar practical examination questions. At the end of the course, these students were asked to answer a brief questionnaire about their individual experiences. The results showed that the anatomical structures of the 3D-printed skulls were similar to the real skulls. There was no significant difference between the test scores of the students that did their test using the real skulls and those using 3D prints. In conclusion, it was possible to construct a dynamic and printed digital 3D collection for studies of the comparative anatomy of canine skull species from real skulls, suggesting that 3D-digitalized and-printed skulls can be used as tools in veterinary anatomy teaching.

This research describes for the first time the complete morphology of the digestive apparatus of rock cavies. Dissection, light microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy were performed. The oral cavity has: the hard palate without palatine wrinkles and the soft palate; the tongue composed by striated musculature, with presence of vallate, foliated, and fungiform papillae with taste buds and filiform papillae with mechanical function; and, 20 teeth of the hypsodonts type. Esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum), and the large intestine (cecum, colon, and rectum) are found. The anus is present at the end of the alimentary channel. Organs of digestive tube are composed by four tunics: mucosa, submucosa, muscular, and serosa. The duodenum, jejunum and ileum have villi. Jejunum, ileum and cecum present Lieberkühn crypts. The cecum has mucous glands. Colon and rectum are folded and have goblet cells. Anus presents sebaceous glands. As associated glands it is found the liver with six lobes and gallbladder; a lobulated pancreas; and a pair of each major salivary gland (parotid, mandibular, and sublingual). Parotid glands have serous acini and mandibular and sublingual glands have mucous acini. Pancreas has adenomers. The liver has hepatocytes and portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct (portal triad), separated by sinusoids. It is concluded that the digestive apparatus of the rock cavy has variations in the dentition, lingual papillae, and acini of the salivary glands when compared to other rodents. Other variations refer to the well‐developed cecum characteristic of herbivorous behavior.

A erliquiose é uma doença muito comum na clínica de pequenos animais, a mesma é causada pela bactéria gram-negativa Erliquia canis, transmitida pelo carrapato Rhipicephalus sanguineus, que provoca graves sinais clínicos podendo levar o animal á óbito. Durante atendimento no Hospital Veterinário Universitário da Universidade Federal do Piauí (UFPI), foi atendido um cão com 3 meses de idade, da raça dálmata, apresentando anorexia, apatia e fraqueza. Ao exame clínico, constatou-se que o animal se apresentava desidratado, mucosas ocular e oral pálidas, petéquias em toda região ventral, ixodidiose e linfonodos submandibulares, pré-escapulares e poplíteos aumentados de tamanho. Para confirmação do diagnóstico, foi realizado hemograma, bioquímico e parasitológico para pesquisa de hematozoário (esfregaços) que resultou em alterações nas séries vermelha e branca, plaquetas gigantes, abaixo dos valores de referência, além da visualização de Erliquia canis parasitando hemácias. Como tratamento foi instituido doxiciclina, vitamina B1, cloridrato de levamisol, silimarina, sarolaner e vitamina C. O tratamento foi eficaz e o animal se recuperou.Palavras-chave: canino, hemoparasitoses, infecção, Rhipicephalus sanguineus Canine ehrlichiosis: Case report ABSTRTACT. Ehrlichiosis is a very common disease in the small animal clinic caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Erliquia canis transmitted by the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus, which causes serious symptoms that can lead the animal to death. It is important to detect hemoparasites because it is a disease caused by vectors, and common occurrence of co-infections, since some of these agents are transmitted by the same vector, or by different vectors infected with a single agent. During the visit at the University Veterinary Hospital of the UFPI, in the anamnesis, a 3-month-old Dalmatian dog with anorexia, apathetic and weak, was observed after 3 days of vaccination (first octogenic dose). At the clinical examination, the animal was found to be dehydrated, pale ocular and oral mucosa, pedicels throughout the ventral region, ixodidosis, and submandibular, prescapular and popliteal enlarged lymph nodes. Hemogram, biochemical and parasitological tests were performed to investigate hematozoalis (smears), which resulted in alterations in de Sá et al. 2 PUBVET v.12, n.6, a118, p.1-6, Jun., 2018the red and white series, giant platelets, below the reference values, besides the visualization of Erliquia canis parasitizing red blood cells. As a treatment was instituted doxiclina, vitamin B1, levamisol hydrochloride, silymarin, sarolaner, vitamin C. The treatment was effective and the animal recovered.

Background:The 3D printer came in the 1980s. Since then, its innovation has allowed its use in many areas such as: engineering, art, industry, education and medicine. The scanning and 3D printing of anatomical components has gained relevance in recent years due to the advancement in the technology of scanning equipment and 3D printers. Since 3D models are useful in several areas of health, the present study aimed to standardize the three-dimensional scanning and printing of the coxal bones and the long ones of the pelvic limbs of dogs. The aim was to build a dynamic 3D digital collection, as well as generate templates for didactic use, or for use in both prostheses and orthopedic surgical planning. Materials, Methods & Results:In present study, a 3D macroscopic scanning system, Creaform brand Go! Scan 3D model and a Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D Printer (Stratasys Mojo Printer) were used. After proper maceration of the bones under study, these were scanned, edited, printed and washed. Replicas of the coxal and left femur, tibia and fibula bones were obtained, as well as generating digital files that can be converted into PDFs. Discussion: From the models scanned in 3D, a dynamic digital collection was built for anatomical study, which can be used to complement practical classes. The creation of a collection of anatomical pieces printed in 3D can reduce the use of cadavers in class. The printed material can also be used as a template for orthopedic surgical planning or serve as a basis for the manufacture of prostheses, contributing to the improvement of the surgical and orthopedic clinic. 3D printing can be successfully used in veterinary medicine through the production of prostheses for injured animals as well as for surgical planning of orthopedic procedures. The scan allows the generation of a collection for bioprinting, just as the tomography does in medical practice. Such steps are important in the final generation of parts to be used for both anatomical study and surgical practice. Problems with the use of anatomical parts in 3D involve the accuracy of the scanning of the original parts and the expertise in editing the scanned images. In turn, the use of biological impressions involves a series of high complexity procedures such as material choice, cell types, growth factors and cell differentiation, and the technical challenges related to the sensitivity of living cells and tissue construction. It is concluded that the 3D digitization and impression of the bones of the pelvic member of the dog has been an important tool in the process of acquiring bone models in small domestic animals, but there are still some limitations in its use for the capture of barely visible bone accidents. However, the scanning and printing of 3D models allows the creation of virtual collections for anatomy teaching and veterinary surgery. In addition, the evolution of these technologies and their application in the veterinary environment has grown considerably, allowing, in addition to the surgical test, the previous demonst...

Bioimpressão de modelos anatômicos 3D de ossos planos e longos do membro torácicos de Gatos Domésticos (Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758

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