This study reports on subjective and objective acoustical field measurements made in a major survey of 36 Roman Catholic churches in Portugal built in the last 14 centuries. Monaural acoustical measurements (RT, EDT, C80, D50, TS, L, and RASTI) were taken at several source/receiver locations in each church. A group of college students was asked to judge the intelligibility of speech by evaluating live speech at similar locations in each room. This paper complements those presented at the 1996 Indianapolis and Honolulu ASA Meetings and concentrates exclusively on the relationships of the speech intelligibility averaged values with the objective room acoustics measures and with some architectural features of the churches. The averaged results by church are graphed and analyzedby comparisons. Correlation analyses and statistical modeling identified some relationships among the measures. For instance, squared cor- relation coefficients (R2) of 0.67 were found for the relationships: SPEECH-RT AND SPEECH-TS. Between SPEECH and RASTI only a maximum R2 of 0.50 was found. Regarding the churches’ architectural features, the maximum R2 found was 0.52 between SPEECH and NAVE HEIGHT. A general linear model including several architectural features increased the R2 to 0.72. [Work supported by FEUP and ESMAE/IPP–Portugal.] [See NOISE-CON Proceedings for full paper.]
This study reports on subjective and objective acoustical field measurements made in a survey of 36 Catholic churches in Portugal built in the last 14 centuries. Monaural acoustical measurements (RT, EDT. C80, D50. TS and L) were taken at several source/receiver locations in each church and a group of college students was asked to judge the subjective quality of music. The listeners in each church evaluated live music performances at similar locations in each room. Evaluation sheets were used to record the listeners' overall impressions of room acoustic quality and also Loudness, Reverberance. lntimacy, Envelopment, Directionality, Balance, Clarity Echoes and Background Noise. This paper concentrates on the relationships of the subjective pararneters with the objective room acoustics measures and with the architectural features of the churches. Correlation analyses and statistical modeling identified significant relationships among the measures. For instance, linear correlation coefficients ( | R I ) of 0.8-0.9 were found for the relationships: Reverberance/RT and Clarity/C80; the maximum | R | found was 0.93 for Echoes/RT. Regarding architectural features the maximum | R | found was 0.87 between Intimacy and Total Volume.
The challenges of sustainability are transversal to all human activities, and the wine sector has its own role to play in the march for a more sustainable development. The proper definition of the most adequate measures and/or policies must be based on an objective and quantitative evaluation of the sustainability of a product or process. In this work the sustainability of a "terroir" wine is assessed taking into account its life cycle and using the following indicators: carbon and water footprint, material intensity, solid waste generated, worker turnover rate, investment in H&S training and EBITDA. All indicators are expressed per functional unit of 0.75 L of wine. The evaluation used data from the company complemented with data/information from the literature or life cycle inventory databases. To account for climatic variability, data from three consecutive years was used. Average values of 3.51 kgCO 2 eq and 481.4 L per functional unit were obtained for the carbon and water footprint respectively, both values within the range of values reported in the literature.
This study reports on subjective and objective acoustical field measurements made in a survey of 36 Catholic churches in Portugal built in the last 14 centuries. Monaural acoustical measurements (RT, EDT. C80, D50. TS and L) were taken at several source/receiver locations in each church and a group of college students was asked to judge the subjective quality of music. The listeners in each church evaluated live music performances at similar locations in each room. Evaluation sheets were used to record the listeners' overall impressions of room acoustic quality and also Loudness, Reverberance. lntimacy, Envelopment, Directionality, Balance, Clarity Echoes and Background Noise. This paper concentrates on the relationships of the subjective pararneters with the objective room acoustics measures and with the architectural features of the churches. Correlation analyses and statistical modeling identified significant relationships among the measures. For instance, linear correlation coefficients ( | R I ) of 0.8-0.9 were found for the relationships: Reverberance/RT and Clarity/C80; the maximum | R | found was 0.93 for Echoes/RT. Regarding architectural features the maximum | R | found was 0.87 between Intimacy and Total Volume.
This study reports on subjective acoustical field measurements made in a survey of 36 Catholic churches in Portugal built in the last 14 centuries. The same group of college students were asked to judge the quality of speech and music at all the churches. Two sets of listeners in each church evaluated live music performance (cello and oboe) at two similar locations in each of the rooms using a seven-point semantic differential rating scale. An acoustical evaluation sheet was used to measure listeners overall impression of room acoustics qualities, and each of the factors that can contribute to that perception as loudness, reverberance, intimacy, envelopment, directionality, balance, clarity, echoes and background noise. Speech intelligibility tests were also given to the same group in each church. One-hundred-word lists were used in live speech tests using a theater college student as speaker. The results are graphed and analyzed by comparisons. Variations of subjective and speech intelligibility qualities were identified among the different churches and within each of the churches as well. The subjective qualities that contributed to overall acoustical impression were also identified. -INTRODUCTIONThis study is part of a research program initiated in 1991 by the author at the University of Porto and University of Florida. The aim of the project is to explore methods to evaluate, predict and preview the acoustical qualities of churches. The program has included two major components to date:• Objective studies of existing churches -Measurements were taken in 41 Portuguese Catholic churches, at multiple locations in each room. Several objective acoustical parameters were measured (RT, EDT, C80, D50, TS, L, BR_RT, BR_L, RASTI) (Carvalho 1994).• Subjective studies of existing churches -This has included both evaluating live musical performances in 36 churches and speech intelligibility testing. This work is characterized by the use of a sample of listeners, evaluation of several locations in each room, assessment of many rooms and comprehensive statistical analysis of the data.This paper presents a preparatory report regarding the second item. More complete analysis of the data gathered is been prepared. A paper in the continuation of this work is expected to be presented at the 132nd Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America in Honolulu, concerning relationships between objective and subjective acoustical parameters found in this large sample of churches. -METHODOLOGY -Method SummaryThe main research hypothesis is that the perceptions of people who attend services or concerts in churches could be measured. The among-room variations of subjective scores can be viewed as differences that result from the architectural and acoustical proprieties of the churches that experience shows actually exist. Therefore strategies to measure and predict these variations would be helpful to acoustical consultants and architects.The study consisted of two parts both regarding subjective analyses in almost non occupied ch...
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.