Capsicum annuum L. has resistance to root-knot nematodes (RKN) (Meloidogyne spp.), severe polyphagous pests that occur world-wide. Several single dominant genes confer this resistance. Some are highly specific, whereas others are effective against a wide range of species. The spectrum of resistance to eight clonal RKN populations of the major Meloidogyne species, M. arenaria (2 populations), M. incognita (2 populations), M. javanica (1 population), and M. hapla (3 populations) was studied using eight lines of Capsicum annuum. Host susceptibility was determined by counting the egg masses (EM) on the roots. Plants were classified into resistant (R; EM ≤ 5) or susceptible (H; EM >5) classes. The french cultivar Doux Long des Landes was susceptible to all nematodes tested. The other seven pepper lines were highly resistant to M. arenaria, M. javanica and one population of M. hapla. Variability in resistance was observed for the other two populations of M. hapla. Only lines PM687, PM217, Criollo de Morelos 334 and Yolo NR were resistant to M. incognita. To investigate the genetic basis of resistance in the highly resistant line PM687, the resistance of two progenies was tested with the two populations of M. incognita: 118 doubled-haploid (DH) lines obtained by androgenesis from F(1) hybrids of the cross between PM687 and the susceptible cultivar Yolo Wonder, and 163 F(2) progenies. For both nematodes populations, the segregation patterns 69 R / 49 S for DH lines and 163 R / 45 S for F(2) progenies were obtained at 22°C and at high temperatures (32°C and 42°C). The presence of a single dominant gene that totally prevented multiplication of M. incognita was thus confirmed and its stability at high temperature was demonstrated. This study confirmed the value of C. annuum as a source of complete spectrum resistance to the major RKN.

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The development of the science and practice of restoration ecology in Argentina can be divided into three periods. The first was 1992-2004, characterized by isolated restoration efforts, mostly in arid and dry ecosystems, and engaging specific people in the academic, agro-technological, and private sectors as partially required by national regulations, but also inspired by the 1992 Earth Summit, the 1994 Amendments of the Constitutional Law, and environmental guidelines from investment entities. The second period of 2005-2010 showed significantly greater involvement in international networking and conference contributions. The current period from 2011-present has witnessed rapid advances and national integration. The country's network Red de Restauración Ecológica de Argentina (REA) was founded in 2012, with seven subnational nodes. In 2014, the 2nd REA symposium was held to determine priority areas for restoration and to generate a National Plan. Public agencies, NGOs and volunteer groups are now actively engaged stakeholders. In 2013 Argentina became a founder member of SIACRE (Sociedad Ibero-Americana y del Caribe para la Restauración Ecológica) and is organizing SIACRE's 4th international conference (April 2015; Buenos Aires). Restoration ecology in Argentina is ascendant because of long-term efforts relatedto strengthening democracy, people initiatives, and strong support from SIACRE, SER (Society for Ecological Restoration), SER-Europe, and the national networks of Colombia, Brazil, Mexico, and Chile. Moreover, Argentina is now the first country to have updated its Civil Code by integrating the environment as a "legal good," which reinforces the citizens' rights to demand the implementation of degradation prevention and/or ecosystem restoration measures.

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sector, con el fin de investigar relaciones entre la distribución de la vegetación y los ambientes geomorfológicos que la sustentan. Para el análisis geomorfológico se utilizaron criterios morfogenéticos y morfodinámicos. La unidad de muestreo consistió en un transecto de 50 m de largo y cada 0.50 m se cuantificó el número de especies, la cobertura y la composición específica de la vegetación. Se clasificaron en 4 estratos: árboles, arbustos, suculentas y herbáceas. Los resultados indican la presencia de 6 unidades geomorfológicas: piedemonte sierra Chica, planicie aluvial río Seco de la Ciénaga, piedemonte sierra Negra, piedemonte cerro Blanco, piedemonte sierra de Marquesado y antiguo abanico aluvial río San Juan. Se identificaron 97 especies nativas pertenecientes a 37 familias. La cobertura de la vegetación muestra diferencia significativa (F(5, 91)= 1.1510, p= 0.001, n= 126). En la región de estudio, la distribución de la vegetación se relaciona con las distintas morfogénesis, característica y dinámica de los depósitos de cada unidad geomorfológica, en donde los factores intrínsecos de la vegetación juegan un papel importante.