BackgroundThe incidence of electrical storm (ES) has been increasing with the rise of the indicated uses of implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs). It is estimated that 20% of patients will evolve to have this complication. Ablative therapy stands out as the treatment for this condition when it is refractory to antiarrhythmic treatment. The objective was to define the current role of catheter ablation in the treatment of electrical storm.MethodsAn integrative literature review was performed using the PubMed and BVS databases. All identified articles were screened and verified for eligibility by the authors.ResultsTwenty-five out of the initial 951 articles were used in the final analysis. The categories listed for analysis included indication for ablation in ES, modality of the approach, therapeutic success, complications related to the procedure, mortality and cardiovascular follow-up and alternative therapeutic modalities by frequency of these categories in the articles researched.ConclusionCatheter ablation is the initial therapy for patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) and ES. The endocardial approach presents more relevant success rates than the other therapeutic methods presented.

Introdução: O tratamento de distúrbios na condução atrioventricular associados a doenças do nó sinusal com o emprego de marcapassos DDDR tem incentivado a procura de um sensor ideal. Objetivo: Avaliar a resposta de freqüência do marcapasso com sensor de contratilidade em situações de esforço físico e mental, tanto em laboratório como em atividades diárias de pacientes com bradicardia e insuficiência cronotrópica. Casuística e Métodos: Do estudo multicêntrico brasileiro "Projeto Inos DR _ Brasil", que emprega um sistema de estimulação DDDR cujo indicador é o estado contrátil do miocárdio, foram selecionados 38 pacientes com insuficiência cronotrópica, sendo 21 do sexo masculino e 17 do sexo feminino, com idades variando de 13 a 83 anos (média de 57 anos). O marcapasso utiliza um parâmetro do próprio controle cardiovascular (contratilidade cardíaca obtida pela medida da impedância cardíaca unipolar) para a adaptação da freqüência cardíaca, num sistema de malha fechada que, teoricamente, possibilita um ajuste a todas as necessidades fisiológicas. A calibração e programação do sistema só foi realizada 30 dias após o implante (tempo de maturação da irterface coração-eletrodo), realizando-se, então, teste de estresse mental (matemático) e teste ergométrico (em esteira), monitorados com histograma de freqüência e com curvas de consumo de oxigênio. Resultados: A média de limiares agudos de estimulação foi de 0,82 Volts e 0,55 Volts, e a média de limiares de sensibilidade foi de 2,37 mV e 10,61 mV, respectivamente, para átrios e ventrículos. A média de limiares crônicos de estimulação foi de 1,44 Volts e 1,18 Volts, e a média de limiares de sensibilidade foi de 2,81 mV e 6,3 mV, respectivamente para átrios e ventrículos. A freqüência cardíaca variou de 5% a 128% nas atividades físicas e de 5% a 80% nas atividades mentais, com elevação logo no início das atividades, permitindo uma curva normal de consumo de oxigênio, comparável à de indivíduos normais de mesma faixa etária, sexo e peso. As médias foram comparadas pelo teste T de Student e as variáveis, pela análise de variância. Conclusão: O sensor de contratilidade cardíaca tem excelente desempenho na adaptação da freqüência cardíaca, com valor semelhante ao produzido pelo sistema nervoso autônomo de indivíduos normais.
Introduction: The treatment of AV conduction disorders associated with sinus node illness employing DDDR pacemakers, has motivated the surch for an ideal sensor. Objective: Evaluate the heart rate response of the contractility sensor pacemaker both during the physical effort and mental stress of daily life in out patient tests for patients with bradycardia and chronotropic incompetence. Material and Methods: We use the brazilian Multicentric Study "Inos DR Project _ Brazil" working with a DDDR stimulation system which uses the myocardial contractility state chronotropic 38 patients presenting; incompetence were selected, 21 men and 17 women, with age ranging from 13 to 83 years (mean 57 years). The pacemaker utilizes intrinsic cardiovascular information...

IntroductionIn the last two decades, the increased number of implants of cardiac implantable electronic devices has been accompanied by an increase in complications, especially infection. Current recommendations for the appropriate treatment of cardiac implantable electronic devices-related infections consist of prolonged antibiotic therapy associated with complete device extraction. The purpose of this study was to analyze the importance of percutaneous extraction in the treatment of these devices infections.MethodsA systematic review search was performed in the PubMed, BVS, Cochrane CENTRAL, CAPES, SciELO and ScienceDirect databases. A total of 1,717 studies were identified and subsequently selected according to the eligibility criteria defined by relevance tests by two authors working independently.ResultsSixteen studies, describing a total of 3,354 patients, were selected. Percutaneous extraction was performed in 3,081 patients. The average success rate for the complete percutaneous removal of infected devices was 92.4%. Regarding the procedure, the incidence of major complications was 2.9%, and the incidence of minor complications was 8.4%. The average in-hospital mortality of the patients was 5.4%, and the mortality related to the procedure ranged from 0.4 to 3.6%. The mean mortality was 20% after 6 months and 14% after a one-year follow-up.ConclusionPercutaneous extraction is the main technique for the removal of infected cardiac implantable electronic devices, and it presents low rates of complications and mortality related to the procedure.

Densidade das arritmias supraventriculares e ventriculares em pacientes com síndrome metabólicaDensity of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias in patients with metabolic syndrome Densidad de arritmias supraventriculares y ventriculares en pacientes con síndrome metabólico

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Objetivo: Revisar na literatura científica sobre as Arritmias Supraventriculares e Ventriculares em pacientes com Síndrome Metabólica (SM). Métodos: Revisão integrativa da literatura, com buscas no Pubmed, Google Scholar, Lilacs, de artigos dos últimos 10 anos. Os descritores utilizados foram ¨Metabolic Syndrome¨ AND ¨Arrythmia¨. Critérios de Inclusão: (1) ser realizado em humanos; (2) ter como amostra pessoas acima de 18 anos; (3) utilizar como critério de SM os parâmetros estabelecidos pela OMS, NCEP-ATPIII ou IDF; (4) possuir um grupo controle; (5) a população em estudo não possuir outras comorbidades crônicas tais como esclerose múltipla, doença renal crônica, problemas cardíacos e outros; (6) correlacionar os parâmetros das arritmias cardíacas com a SM entre pacientes SM- e SM+. Resultados: Oito artigos atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. Todos os artigos trabalharam com pessoas provindas da população geral. Ambos os sexos foram abordados nos trabalhos. Fibrilação Atrial (FA) foi a arritmia predominante. Os fatores mais relevantes quando avaliados individualmente foram HAS e Obesidade Abdominal. Considerações Finais: Quanto mais grave for o quadro de SM do paciente, mais grave será a arritmia. Logo, evidencia-se a importância de manter um estilo de vida saudável para evitar o desenvolvimento de fatores de risco desencadeantes da Síndrome Metabólica.

Background/Objectives: Implantable cardioverter defibrillators are used to prevent sudden cardiac death. The subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillator was newly developed to overcome the limitations of the conventional implantable cardioverter defibrillator-transvenous device. The subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillator is indicated for young patients with heart disease, congenital heart defects, and poor venous access, who have an indication for implantable cardioverter defibrillator without the need for anti-bradycardic stimulation. We aimed to compare the efficacy and complications of subcutaneous with transvenous implantable cardioverter defibrillator devices. Methodology: A systematic review was conducted using different databases. The inclusion criteria were observational and clinical randomized trials with no language limits and no publication date limit that compared subcutaneous with transvenous implantable cardioverter defibrillators. The selected patients were aged > 18 years with complex ventricular arrhythmia. Results : Five studies involving 2111 patients who underwent implantable cardioverter defibrillator implantation were included. The most frequent complication in the subcutaneous device group was infection, followed by hematoma formation and electrode migration. For the transvenous device, the most frequent complications were electrode migration and infection. Regarding efficacy, the total rates of appropriate shocks were 9.04% and 20.47% in the subcutaneous and transvenous device groups, respectively, whereas inappropriate shocks to the subcutaneous and transvenous device groups were 11,3% and 10,7%, respectively. Conclusion: When compared to the transvenous device, the subcutaneous device had lower complication rates owing to lead migration and less inappropriate shocks due to supraventricular tachycardia; nevertheless, infection rates and improper shocks due to T wave oversensing were comparable for both devices

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