ABSTRACT. Resistivity (DC) method using vertical electrical soundings (Schlumberger array) are conducted in the vicinity of Canoas/RS, applied to environmental studies with the objective of investigating groundwater conditions. The present paper shows a geoelectrical identification of the lithology and an estimate of the relationship between the resistivity and Dar Zarrouk parameters (transverse unit resistance and longitudinal unit conductance) with the properties such as aquifer transmissivity and protection of ground water resources. In the saturated sediments, resistivity values defined the following sequence: clay layers (resistivity < 40 ohm-m) and sand layers (resistivity ≥ 40 ohm-m). Two sand layers were identified; one corresponding to the unconfined aquifer and another to the confined aquifer between two clay layers. In the map of the transverse unit resistance of the unconfined aquifer, the tendencies of high values can be associated with the zones of high transmissivity; hence, these
ABSTRACT. This paper describes the results obtained with DC resistivity method using vertical electrical soundings (Schlumberger array), applied to environmental studies involving the groundwater. Aquifers natural vulnerability, important tool in environmental studies, can be estimate starting from geoelectrical methods, whose parameters resistivity and longitudinal conductance, allied to the type of aquifers occurrence (unconfined and confined aquifer) and water table depth, they allowed to obtain an index of corresponding natural vulnerability to the usually used. The results, applied in a preliminary phase of studies, are good, allowing a better direction and programming of the posterior phases.Keywords: Resistivity, longitudinal conductance, aquifer vulnerability. RESUMO. Este trabalho descreve os resultados obtidos com o método da eletrorresistividade usando a técnica da sondagem elétrica vertical (arranjo Schlumberger)aplicada em estudos ambientais envolvendo aságuas subterrâneas. A vulnerabilidade natural de aqüíferos, importante ferramenta em estudos ambientais, pode ser estimada a partir de métodos geoelétricos, cujos parâmetros resistividade e condutância longitudinal, aliados ao tipo de ocorrência dos aqüíferos (livre a confinado) e profundidade do nível d'água, permitiram obter umíndice de vulnerabilidade natural correspondente ao normalmente utilizado. Os resultados, aplicados em uma fase preliminar de estudos, são bons, permitindo um melhor direcionamento e programação das fases posteriores. Palavras-chave:Resistividade, condutância longitudinal, vulnerabilidade de aqüíferos.
ABSTRACT. DC resistivity combined with pH and Eh measured in soil samples, were used for evaluation of the geochemical behavior of buried solid waste, during the degradation process of organic matter. The studied area is a controlled landfill, characterized by the disposition of domestics waste in ditches, of which closed
Given the importance of the groundwater for diverse uses, particularly the public supply, and considering the increasing impacts on underground reserves as a result of overexploitations, as well as the degradation of the water quality by anthropogenic activities, it becomes essential to establish tools for planning and management of the use of groundwater resources. For this reason, the aim this paper is to assess the natural vulnerability to contamination of the Bauru Aquifer System, in the South-Central region of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Therefore, a vulnerability map was generated by using the (S) method, a new proposal developed to estimate the vulnerability by means of the Dar Zarrouk parameter -longitudinal conductance (electrical resistivity method). The vulnerability classes were defined using values ranges of longitudinal conductance: from very low (> 2.5 siemens) to extreme (< 0.1 siemens). In applying this methodology in the unsaturated zone, the electrical resistivity of the first layer of the saturated zone was used, seeing that the materials of both zones are similar in the study area. The application of the (S) method produced good outcomes, generating a more detailed map, with greater classes variability that indicate the sensitivity of this method, predominating regions with low vulnerability, and secondly, moderately vulnerable areas.
Resumo Aterro é uma obra de engenharia que objetiva acomodar resíduos no menor es paço possível no solo, com danos mínimos ao ambiente e à saúde pública. Uma das formas construtivas de um aterro controlado é a escavação de valas com dimensões apropriadas, para disposição de resíduos sólidos sem compactação ou impermeabilização. Efl uentes líquidos gerados por volumes de resíduos semelhantes, dispostos em valas com idades distintas de fechamento, devem resultar em alterações físicas e químicas correlacionáveis ao tempo de residência dos materiais. Com base nesta hipótese, foram realizadas medidas de resistividade elétrica por meio do método geofísico da Eletrorresistividade, sobre valas de resíduos fechadas anualmente entre 12/2001 e 12/2007, localizadas no aterro controlado do município de Cordeirópolis (SP). O chorume é um efl uente líquido gerado pela decomposição de matéria orgânica e caracterizado pelo elevado conteúdo de sais dissolvidos, cuja interação com ambiente geológico resulta em alterações em termos de resistividade elétrica passíveis de detecção pelo instrumental geofísico. Os resultados sugerem uma redução da resistividade por percolação de chorume produzido em valas recentes e aumento progressivo da resistividade para valas mais antigas. A análise estatística comparativa com valores de referência para a área sugere idades de término da produção e percolação de chorume para solo e rocha abaixo das valas.Palavras-chave: monitoramento, SEV, chorume, lixo. Abstratc Time estimative of the leachate production in control landfi ll by electrical resistivity measuring.Landfi ll is an engineering work that aims at to accommodate residues in the smallest possible space in the soil, with minimum damages to the environment and the public health. One in the constructive forms of a controlled landfi ll is the excavation of ditches with appropriate dimensions, for disposition of solid residues without compactation or impermeabilization. Liquid effl uents generated for similar volumes of residues, disposed in ditches with ages different from closing, it should result in physical and chemical alterations you correlated at the time of residence materials. With base in this hypothesis, measures of electric resistivity were accomplished through the of Eletrical Resistivity geophysical method, on residues ditches closed annually between 12/2001 and 12/2007, localized in control landfi ll of the Cordeirópolis city (SP). The leachate is a liquid effl uent generated by the decomposition of organic matter and characterized by high content in total dissolved solids, whose interaction with geological environment results in alterations in terms of electrical resistivity susceptible to detection for the geophysical instrumental. The results suggest a resistivity reduction for leachate percolation produced for ditches recently and increase progressive of the resistivity for older ditches. The statistical comparative analysis with reference values for the area suggests ages of the fi nish production and percolation leachate for...
ABSTRACT. Geophysical methods are useful technics of geological investigation, thoroughly employed to diagnosis and monitoring contaminated areas, in conjunction with direct techniques of investigation such as chemical analyses. Among these, electric resistivity is more usually used in studies of contaminants in soil and groundwater, due to the high contrast of electric properties between the soil and the pollutant types frequently found, essentially constituted of composed organic and inorganic. Geophysical studies in impacted areas by petroleum products may be describe by anomalies of both low resistivity and high resistivities, confirmed as contaminant by chemical analyses. This apparent contradiction can reflect processes of degradation of the contaminants, directly associated with its residence time in the soil, through the generation of by-products that change the physical properties of the soil and groundwater, principally for the mineral dissolution by action of organic acids and by formation of minerals of oxides and hydroxides minerals. Natural attenuation defines a series of physical, chemical and biological processes that allow the degradation, dispersion and dilution of contaminants in a natural form, in other words, free from human intervention. This paper presents the application of electrical profiling technique in a contaminated industrial area for benzene, toluene, xylene, 1,2 dichloroethene and inorganic salts and it discusses the physical alterations of the contaminated soil through the obtained results, under the optics of the Natural Attenuation in course in the area of study.Keywords: Electrical profiling, electric resistivity, natural attenuation, biodegradation, NAPL. RESUMO.Os métodos geofísicos são ferramentas consagradas de investigação do meio físico, amplamente empregadas no diagnóstico e monitoramento deáreas contaminadas, sempre em conjunto com técnicas diretas de investigação, como análises químicas. Dentre estes, a eletrorresistividadeé uma das ferramentas mais comumente utilizadas em estudos de contaminantes em solo eágua subterrânea, devido ao elevado contraste de propriedades elétricas entre o meio geológico e os tipos contaminantes freqüentemente encontrados neste meio, essencialmente constituídos por compostos orgânicos e inorgânicos. Estudos geofísicos emáreas impactadas por derivados de petróleo descrevem anomalias tanto de baixa resistividade quanto de elevada resistividade, confirmadas como fase contaminante por meio de análises químicas. Este aparente contradição pode refletir processos de degradação, associado ao tempo de residência de contaminantes no meio, por meio da geração de subprodutos que alteram as propriedades físicas do meio, principalmente pela dissolução mineral por ação deácidos orgânicos e pela neoformação de minerais dé oxidos e hidróxidos de ferro. Atenuação Natural define uma série de processos físicos, químicos e biológicos que permitem a degradação, dispersão e diluição de contaminantes de forma natural, ou seja, livre da intervenção humana. Este t...
The design codes and standards (e.g., UBC, IBC, NFPA-13) estimate the amplitude of the seismic load in sprinkler-pipe braces, but they do not specify the number of cycles for which this load must be resisted by various components of pipe braces. Because the components can fail in low-cycle fatigue, the number of load cycles must be considered in establishing the strength of the brace components. The first part of this study deals with determining the number of cycles for which a component must resist its rated capacity. Strong-motion records from 18 strongly shaken buildings were incorporated into a low-cycle fatigue model to develop a test criterion for measuring the seismic strength of brace components. In the second part of this study, a series of tests were conducted to gain insight into the cyclic behavior of brace components. Finally, a test protocol was established to measure the seismic strength of brace components. With some modifications, the protocol can be applied to many other nonstructural components.
ResumoEstudos geofísicos em áreas impactadas por derivados de petróleo descrevem anomalias tanto de baixa quanto de elevada resistividade, confirmada como fase contaminante por meio de análises químicas. Esta aparente contradição pode refletir processos de degradação, associada ao tempo de residência de contaminantes no meio, por meio da geração de subprodutos que alteram as propriedades físicas do meio, principalmente pela dissolução mineral por ação de ácidos orgânicos e pela neoformação de minerais de óxidos e hidróxidos de ferro. Este trabalho apresenta resultados da aplicação do método de eletrorresistividade e polarização induzida em uma área industrial contaminada por benzeno, tolueno, xileno, 1,2 dicloroetano e sais inorgânicos, em processo de atenuação natural. Os resultados indicam a neoformação mineral no centro e nas adjacências da área contaminada, conforme sugerem as alterações apontadas nos parâmetros físicos medidos.Palavras-chave: mineralização; cargabilidade; resistividade; atenuação natural; biodegradação; fase líquida não-aquosa. AbstractGeophysical studies in impacted areas by petroleum products may be described by anomalies of both low and high resistivity, confirmed as contaminant by chemical analyses. This apparent contradiction can reflect processes of contaminants degradation, directly associated with its residence time in the soil, through the generation of by-products that change the physical properties of the soil and groundwater, principally for the mineral dissolution by action of organic acids and by neoformation minerals of oxides and hydroxides minerals. This paper presents the application of electrical resistivity and induced polarization methods in a contaminated industrial area for benzene, toluene, xylene, 1,2 dichloroethene and inorganic salts, in natural attenuation process. The results indicated the mineral neoformation in the center and adjacencies of contaminated area, as it suggested the alterations in physical parameters measured.
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