This research was conducted to evaluate 16 corn varieties cultivated for silage. The evaluation included: fodder production of green and dry matter, protein content and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and organic matter digestibility (IVOMD). A completely randomized design was used for statistical analysis and Tukey mean separation was used when appropiated. Fodder production as kg/ha was higher for AN446 (114028), AN445 (110993), and AN430R (106389). Dry matter fodder production was higher for AN447 (29270), AN461 (28026), VS373 (25434). Protein content (%) was higher for G4657 (7.58), AN388 (7.28), and AN448 (7.17). The best values for IVDMD (%)were for G1990 (69.14), AN446 (63.78), and AN430RR (63.50), while the higher values for IVOMD (%) were for G1990 (71.78), AN446 (65.20), and AN447 (65.12). Varieties AN446 and AN447 appeared frequently with the best values in the parameters evaluated, therefore, new research has to be performed with these varieties to confirm results found in this study.
The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of increasing inclusion of WDG in diets for sheep on in vitro gas production, pH, N-NH3 and VFA. Three ruminally-cannulated adult male sheep were used as donors of inoculum. Treatments consisted of diets containing 0, 15, 30 and 45% WDG inclusion on dry matter basis with forage: concentrate ratio of 20:80. The experimental design was completely randomized with repeated measurements over time (3, 6, 12 and 24 hours). Flasks with a volume of 50 mL were used for incubation. Approximately 0.2 g of sample, 10 mL of inoculum and 20 mL of McDougall buffer solution were added into the flasks. Each time consisted of 7 flasks per treatment and 2 flasks without sample (n = 120). Gas production was measured using a pressure transducer. Concentration of N-NH3 was determined using micro-Kjeldhal apparatus and VFA was determined by gas chromatography. The data were analyzed using MIXED procedure of SAS. Orthogonal contrasts were used to determine the linear and quadratic effect of WDG inclusion. Increasing linear effect was observed for pH (P < 0.05) when WDG was included, with a lower value for 0% WDG (6.90). For N-NH3 and gas production, a linear decreasing effect (P < 0.05) was observed, ranging from 12.60 to 8.45 mg/dL and 93.47 to 58.40 mL/g incubated for 0 and 45% WDG, respectively. The total concentration of VFA did not present a significant effect. Butiric acid showed a linear effect (P < 0.05) ranging from 9.50 to 8.69 mM/L for 0 and 45% WDG, respectively. The acetic acid had a quadratic effect (P < 0.05), ranging from 52.92 to 58.59 mM/L for 15 and 45% WDG, respectively. The results indicate that the inclusion of up to 45% WDG in feedlot sheep diets promoted lower in vitro fermentation without altering the total VFA concentration.
The objective was to evaluate the effects of increasing inclusion of wet distillers grains (WDG) on in vitro ruminal and total tract digestibility in feedlot sheep. Three crossbred ruminally-cannulated male sheep were used as rumen liquid donor. Treatments consisted of isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets, containing 0, 15, 30 or 45% WDG on DM basis (Control, 15WDG, 30WDG, and 45WDG, respectively). Diets were composed of sugarcane bagasse (20%) and the concentrate (80%) composed of soybean meal (except 45WDG), wheat meal, WDG (except Control), urea, limestone, and mineral-vitamin premix. In vitro digestibility of DM (IVDMD), NDF (IVNDFD), and CP (IVCPD) were performed using the Ankom-DaisyII fermenter. Ruminal digestibility was evaluated after 48h incubation (39°C) using twenty-five filter bags. After 48h, twelve filter bags remained into each jar to evaluate the total tract digestibility. For it, 40mL of 6N HCl and 8g of pepsin were added and incubated for another 24h. The post-ruminal digestibility was calculated by the difference between rumen and total tract digestibility. Data were analyzed using SAS software. Contrasts were used to determine the linear and quadratic effects of WDG inclusions, as well as the contrast Control × WDG treatments. The WDG inclusion linearly decreased the ruminal and total DM and CP digestibility and increased the post-rumen CP digestibility (P < 0.05). When all treatments with WDG were evaluated against the Control, a significant effect was observed for IVDMD, with averages of 68.86 × 77.38%, 5.60 × 0.77% and 71.41 × 78.20%, and for IVCPD, with averages of 68.89 × 95.27%, 21.30 × 1.99% and 90.15 × 97.27%, respectively for rumen, post-rumen and total tract digestibility (P < 0.05). The results indicate that inclusions of WDG at up to 45% in the diets for sheep reduce the ruminal and total DM utilization, however, promote a better post-rumen use of CP of diets.
This study was performed to identify the ideal amount of concentrate required for a diet based on cactus cladodes, sugarcane, and urea used to feed heifers. Twenty Girolando heifers (160±8.39 kg) were randomly distributed into four experimental treatments with 0, 0.40, 0.80, or 1.20 kg day −1 of concentrate. The basal diet contained [on dry matter (DM) basis] 38.1% sugarcane, 56.5% cactus cladodes [Opuntia stricta (Haw). Haw.], 0.5% common salt, 1.1% mineral mixture, and 3.8% urea plus ammonium sulfate. The concentrate contained [on DM basis] 87% corn meal and 13% soybean meal. The basal diet and the concentrate were formulated to provide 13% crude protein (CP). The intake of DM (4.34-4.96 kg day −1), organic matter (3.96-4.98 kg day −1), CP (0.57-0.64 kg day −1), non-fibrous carbohydrates (2.20-2.61 kg day −1), and metabolizable energy (10.3-12.4 Mcal day −1) increased linearly with concentrate amount. Final body weight (196-224 kg), total body weight gain (36.9-61.2 kg), and average daily body weight gain (0.51-0.85 kg day −1) increased linearly with concentrate amount. The nitrogen balance was positive and increased linearly (54.8-62.3 g day −1) with concentrate amount. Based on the data, we recommend supplying six-monthold Girolando heifers (160 kg body weight) 1.20 kg concentrate day −1 added to a diet based on sugarcane and cactus cladodes plus urea for better productive and economic performance.
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