Methods for planning and managing a transportation system in an urban area, when exogenous events occur and/or in emergency conditions, have received little attention from transportation system researchers, research institutions and journals. Models and algorithms specified and calibrated for ordinary conditions cannot be directly applied in emergency conditions. In this paper, the main problems developed concern: formalization of the risk problem in a transportation system with an improvement over consolidated quantitative risk analysis models; specification of a system of models for evacuation design and simulation, and in the particular case of path design in emergency conditions; the application of the model to simulate a real system for exposure reduction. The application was developed for an Italian town of about 9,000 inhabitants which was chosen as it has a similar number of potential evacuees to the majority of cases in real events when entire small towns, parts of a city or big buildings had to be evacuated. The curve between vulnerability and exposure is quantitatively represented. Keywords: evacuation, network design, risk analysis, simulation.1 INTRODUCTION This paper proposes methods for the simulation and design of a transportation system under conditions of safety and/or security. Safety and security problems are connected with events that generate emergency conditions, such as the 9/11 attack, the Atocha station bombings and the Asian tsunami.Methods for planning a transportation system in an urban area when exogenous events affecting the system occur and/or in emergency conditions, have received little attention from transportation system researchers, institutions and journals. Models and algorithms specified and calibrated for ordinary conditions cannot be directly applied in emergency conditions. When an exogenous event occurs, non-informed users move on the network with behaviour that is different with respect to ordinary situations: they know neither system congestion nor reliability in real time, as the system is in an exceptional condition; and even if the user has knowledge about his/her optimum, the user optimum, in general, differs from the system optimum and from the community (general public) optimum. If the system is monitored and designed in real time, a subset of users, who knows the system congestion and reliability in real time, is informed. The user optimum could be similar to the system optimum and the general public optimum.In these conditions, public decision makers must predict with transportation models (implemented by the system analyst) the effects of implementing their measures upon the system and how these measures may interact (implemented by operational forces) with the individual reactions of the users served by the transport system in question. System analysts implement a decision support system in order to evaluate in a short time the effect of the strategy that has to be implemented in the system; operational forces (military, fire brigade, etc.) organize...
In this paper some results obtained in the SICURO research project carried out by the Laboratory for Transport Systems Analysis (LAST) of Mediterranea University of Reggio Calabria (Italy) are presented. Microscopic models able to simulate supply and demand-supply interaction of a road transportation system in emergency conditions are described. A microscopic link model (car-following) is specified and calibrated. Parameters are calibrated from data observed during a real simulation of evacuation executed in the test site of Melito Porto Salvo (Italy). A computer application is performed in order to reproduce the evacuation phases observed. Some indicators for testing the performance of a road transportation network in emergency conditions are defined and estimated.
Within the framework of the SICURO research project, the main objective of this paper is to define the procedures to be planned and activated in emergencies in order to allow the evacuation of weak users (disabled, old persons, etc.) from the area affected by a disaster and design the optimal path for emergency vehicles to reduce evacuation times. Specification, calibration and validation of a path choice generation model in order to simulate the behaviour of emergency vehicle drivers at an urban level during an evacuation is proposed. We specify the factors that affect path choice behaviour and the two main approaches: one to one and many to one. The first regards the minimization of generalized cost of a path that connects an origin to a destination; the second instead considers the connection of one origin to many destinations. We also report some experimental results, obtained in the context of the SICURO Project, by applying the proposed model to a real road transport network at urban scale during a simulation of an evacuation.
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