Misfolding and aggregation of α-synuclein are specific features of Parkinson’s disease and other neurodegenerative diseases defined as synucleinopathies. Parkinson’s disease progression has been correlated with the formation and the extracellular release of α-synuclein aggregates, as well as with their spreading from neuron to neuron. Therapeutic interventions in the initial stages of Parkinson’s disease require a clear understanding of the mechanisms by which α-synuclein disrupts the physiological synaptic and plastic activity of the basal ganglia. For this reason, here we have identified two early time points to clarify how the intrastriatal injection of α-synuclein preformed fibrils in rodents, via retrograde transmission, induces time-dependent electrophysiological and behavioral alterations. We found that intrastriatal α-synuclein preformed fibrils perturb the firing rate of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta while the discharge of putative GABAergic cells of the substantia nigra pars reticulata is unchanged. The α-synuclein-induced dysregulation of nigrostriatal function also impairs, in a time-dependent manner, the two main forms of striatal synaptic plasticity, long-term potentiation and long-term depression. We also observed an increased glutamatergic transmission measured as an augmented frequency of spontaneous excitatory synaptic currents. These changes in neuronal function in the substantia nigra pars compacta and striatum were observed before overt neuronal death occurred. In an additional set of experiments, we were able to rescue α-synuclein-induced alterations of motor function, striatal synaptic plasticity, and increased spontaneous excitatory synaptic currents by a sub-chronic treatment with L-Dopa, a precursor of dopamine widely used in the therapy of Parkinson’s disease, clearly demonstrating that a dysfunctional dopamine system plays a critical role in the early phases of the disease.

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Recently, the synchronous reluctance machine limits have been pushed toward meeting the requirements of traction applications. A skilled electromagnetic architecture of a synchronous reluctance machine with the help of permanent magnets can push the limits of power density and speed range to that of traction applications, however, the mechanical integrity of the rotor can still be in question. A traction application means large rotor diameter and high rotational speed, two criteria that makes a challenging design, in particular, mechanically. In this paper, the multi-physics design steps of a permanent magnets assisted synchronous reluctance motor for automotive application, have been presented. Firstly, the electromagnetic design following the size and thermal aspects and constrains has been conducted. Secondly, methods to reduce the mechanical stress has been explored and a bridged mechanical design has been adapted. Finally, thermal analysis of the machine has been conducted to ensure the thermal limits have been satisfied.

The rapidly increasing demand on power density levels of electric vehicle (EV) drive systems is pushing the boundaries of traction motor performance. Hairpin windings are becoming a popular option for EV motors due to their reduced DC losses and improved heat dissipation capability when compared to traditional random windings. In this paper, a comprehensive design approach of hairpin winding layouts is firstly presented. The flexibility and limitation of end-winding patterns is thoroughly investigated in terms of basic pin connections, special jumpers, transposition, parallel branches, terminal positions, phase shift, winding pitches as well as slot-pole combinations. To address the challenge of much reduced practical layout options with increased slot number per pole per phase, two novel hairpin winding designs are proposed. A 160kW, 18000rpm PM traction motor featuring the new winding layout with 54-slot, 6-pole is developed using a multidomain design platform which puts special focus on the conductor size optimization. The advantages of the designed motor are clearly revealed by comparison with the more traditional 48-slot, 8-pole counterpart. Finally, a corresponding stator prototype with the proposed hairpin winding is built to validate its manufacturability.

This paper shares with the aerospace community a case study of turboprop mild hybridisation using a recently developed integrated drive system in the University of Nottingham, UK, within the ACHIEVE project under EU H2020 CleanSky 2 program (project No. 737814). The developed drive system enables green taxiing of a turboprop aircraft while on the ground with its engine off, and as an electrical generator when the turboprop is in the air. The entire system is designed to be able to integrate within the power auxiliary gear box (PAGB) of a turboprop aircraft. Some of the key features of the developed system include a high-speed permanent magnet machine (up to 14,200rpm) with dual three-phase design, SiC-based high power density (11.8kW/L for the power converter, 35.3kW/L and 7.2kW/kg for the machine active parts), integrated cooling design for high-temperature operation (>130º C ambient temperature), fault tolerance consideration with dual channel operation capabilities and sensorless control for entire operational conditions. This paper is giving an overview of the design process of the electrical machine, power converters, and its cooling of the entire drive. Numerical analysis (FEM and CFD) and some experimental results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and the desired performance of the developed integrated drive system.

ig. 4. GPF section geometry and mesh  The present work focuses on an experimental durability study on road under real word driving conditions. Two sets of experiments were carried out. The first study analyzed a Gasoline Particulate Filter (GPF) (2.4 liter, diameter 5.2" round) installed in underfloor (UF) position driven for up to 200,000 km. A 1.6 liter Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engine was used for the investigation. Ash accumulation versus mileage and soot loading were of interest. A parallel investigation up to 160,000 km with same engine (2 identical vehicles on road on a "specific average" cycle) and GPF installed in closed coupled (CC) position was also carried out. Both UF and CC GPF are NGK 360 cpsi 5 mil wall thickness.  As a route to develop a robust 3-D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model to gather information on the fluid flow and pressure loss characteristics of GPF, a baseline model is introduced in this work. The computational domain refers to full length individual 3-D channels and focuses on two quarters of an inlet and two quarters of an outlet channels with the aim of reducing complexity of the problem and its computational cost. Although this baseline version does not include yet the soot and ash loading models, it can be used to understand real physical problems and gather insight on velocity and pressure distributions inside filter and its channels

In the management of prostate cancer (PCa), correct staging is crucial in order to assess the right therapeutic approach. [18F]Choline PET/CT has been shown to provide more accurate staging information than conventional imaging approaches. The aim of this paper is to provide a real practice demonstration of the impact of [18F]Choline PET/CT on low-risk prostate cancer staging and clinical management. We report a 64-year-old man with biochemical PCa recurrence diagnosis after transurethral resection of the prostate. The patient, after the detection of an increased level of PSA, underwent multi-parametric prostate magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) that did not show evidence of disease. The patient was admitted to perform [18F]Choline PET/CT that showed a macroscopic prostate recurrence. Patient underwent photon external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) treatment, and [18F]Choline PET/CT was also used to define treatment volumes. At 3- and 6-month clinical follow-up evaluations, no late toxicity was detected and a significant reduction in PSA value was shown. Therefore, our case highlights the potential usefulness of [18F]Choline PET/CT for the staging of low-risk prostate cancer and its impact on the management and quality of life of such patients. The presented case should urge the scientific community to enhance larger and multicentric studies, assessing more extensively the potential impact of [18F]Choline PET/CT in this clinical scenario.