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A new hierarchical model for the electrodialysis (ED) process is presented. The model has been implemented into gPROMs Modelbuilder (PSE), allowing the development of a distributedparameters simulation tool that combines the effectiveness of a semi-empirical modelling approach to the flexibility of a layered arrangement of modelling scales. Thanks to its structure, the tool makes possible the simulation of many different and complex layouts, requiring only membrane properties as input parameters (e.g. membrane resistance or salt and water permeability). The model has been validated against original experimental data obtained from a lab scale ED test rig. Simulation results concerning a 4-stage treatment of seawater and dynamic batch operations of brackish water desalination are presented, showing how the model can be effectively used for predictive purposes and for providing useful insights on design and optimisation. Self-Archived version: Campione A, Cipollina A, Bogle IDL, Gurreri L, Tamburini A, Tedesco M, et al. A hierarchical model for novel schemes of electrodialysis desalination. Desalination 2019;465:79-93.

Electrodialysis-related technologies keep spreading in multiple fields, among which water desalination still plays a major role. A new technology that has not yet been thoroughly investigated is capacitive electrodialysis (CED), which couples the standard ED with capacitive electrodes. CED has a number of advantages such as removal of toxic products and system simplification. Little mention is made of this technology in the literature and, to the best of our knowledge, no modelling works have ever been presented. In this work, the CED process has been studied through experiments and modelling. A CED model is presented for the first time. With a simple calibration based on macroscopic membrane properties and the characterisation of electrode behaviour, the model is able to simulate the dynamics of simple as well as more complex layouts. An original experimental characterisation of electrodes is presented, showing how the collected data can be implemented into

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