In those rare patients who require both PE and HD, TPH can improve their quality of life by reducing the time spent in extracorporeal circulation. This tandem treatment is safe and well-tolerated, even in subjects of relatively small body size.
Only a few studies have investigated the optimal exit site management of tunneled central venous catheters (CVCs) in pediatric patients on chronic hemodialysis (HD). The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of chlorhexidine solutions and a 5% povidone-iodine solution on the incidence of CVC-related infections in children on HD. The incidence of exit-site infection (ESI), tunnel infection (TI), and bloodstream infection (BSI) was assessed in two groups of tunneled CVCs. The iodopovidone group consisted of 14 CVCs used between 1 January 2011 and 30 June 2012 in 10 children, whose median age at the time of CVC placement was 11.8 years (range 1.2-19.2): 5% povidone-iodine was used for CVC exit-site care. From 1 August 2012 to 31 January 2014, 0.5% chlorhexidine gluconate/70% isopropyl alcohol was used for the exit site, and 2% chlorhexidine gluconate/70% isopropyl alcohol spray for the hub in 13 CVCs was used in 10 patients (chlorhexidine group), whose median age at the time of CVC placement was 10 years (range 1.2-19.2). Ten episodes of ESI were diagnosed in the iodopovidone group (incidence 3.4/1000 CVC days), and only one in the chlorhexidine group (incidence 0.36/1000 CVC days, P = 0.008). One TI was observed in the iodopovidone group (0.34/1000 CVC days), and none in the chlorhexidine group. The incidence of BSIs decreased from 1.7/1000 CVC days (5 cases) to 0.36/1000 CVC days (1 case, P = 0.06) after switching to chlorhexidine. Two CVCs were lost due to CVC-related infections in the iodopovidone group, whereas no CVC was lost due to infections in the chlorhexidine group. In comparison with 5% povidone-iodine, the use of chlorhexidine gluconate was associated with a reduction in the incidence of ESI, TI, and BSI in children on HD.
Tunneled central venous catheters (CVCs) play an increasing role as vascular access for chronic hemodialysis (HD) in children, but limited data exist about the optimal CVC choice. We analyzed the outcome, efficacy, and complications of tunneled CVCs, placed in our unit in the last 3 years. Nineteen 10 F Split-Cath CVCs (two separate catheters fused along their length) were placed in 10 children, median age 9.19 years (range 2.15-13.31) and body weight (BW) between 10 and 40 kg. CVCs survival at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months was 94%, 77%, 51%, and 34%, respectively. Catheter survival was higher in children with BW > 20 kg than in smaller patients. Median survival was higher than that of 11 Quinton Permcath CVCs, placed in five children in the preceding 2 years (280 vs. 45 days, P < 0.05). Median blood flow rate and indices of HD adequacy were higher in children with lower BW (<20 kg vs. 20-30 kg vs. >30 kg) than in those with higher BW. Incidence of exit site and bloodstream infections was 2.32 and 0.66/1000 CVC days, respectively. One case of hemothorax due to subclavian artery puncture occurred during CVC placement. In conclusion, Split-Cath 10 F CVC allows for effective dialysis in children undergoing HD, particularly those between 10 and 30 kg BW. Catheter survival is acceptable, but could be improved in small children.
In pazienti che necessitino sia di plasmaferesi (PLF) che di emodialisi (ED), l'applicazione simultanea delle due metodiche, nota come tandem PLF-ED (TPE) può costituire una soluzione vantaggiosa. Tuttavia esiste scarsa esperienza circa il suo utilizzo, in particolare in età pediatrica.
Abbiamo esaminato in modo retrospettivo le sedute di TPE eseguite negli ultimi 5 anni nel nostro Centro. I trattamenti di TPE sono stati 67 in 7 pazienti, di età mediana 16.2 anni (5–34) e peso mediano di 37 kg (17.0– 59.0). Le indicazioni per TPH erano: sindrome emolitica uremica atipica da deficit di fattore H, fattore I o da mutazioni non definite, nella maggior parte delle sedute (64/67 sedute), vasculite, glomerulosclerosi focale (prima del trapianto) e iperimmunizzazione in pazienti in lista per trapianto di rene. In 66/67 trattamenti la procedura è stata completata con successo, raggiungendo i volumi di sostituzione e ultrafiltrazione desiderati. La durata della PLF è stata inferiore a quella di ED, e non ha quindi comportato un prolungamento della seduta dialitica. Un unico trattamento è stato interrotto a causa di un episodio ipotensivo, in una paziente nota per ipotensioni ricorrenti. In conclusione la TPE è una procedura sicura e ben tollerata, anche in bambini e adolescenti stabili dal punto di vista emodinamico.
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