The main line of defense that exists to eliminate foreign agents falls on phagocytic cells (neutrophils, dendritic cell, and macrophages), and it does so through phagocytosis, a complex cellular mechanism that occurs after the recognition and binding of the ligand by cellular receptors. Macrophages are part of a diverse lineage of innate immune cells. Once a macrophage receptor binds its ligand, a coordinated intracellular signaling cascade is activated to the clearance or otherwise of the foreign agent. Objects removed by macrophage phagocytosis include dead or dying host cells, cells opsonized with antibodies, and specific pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses. Currently, phagocytic macrophages have been shown to contribute to the killing of cancer cells, inflammatory bowel disease, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, and schizophrenia. For this reason, phagocytic macrophages are important in critical participation for health and disease.
Objective: To analyze the evidence on the underdiagnosis of tuberculosis in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the risk of COVID-19 morbidity and mortality in coinfection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and the use of microRNAs as diagnostic tools. Material and methods: We used an adaptation of the Cochrane rapid review methodology. The search was performed in PubMed and was limited to August 3. Titles and abstracts were reviewed, and the full texts of the final selection were analyzed. Results: The evidence found reports that in pandemic years there has been a decrease in the diagnosis of tuberculosis worldwide. In addition, the emergence of the TB-COVID-19 syndemic and its serious implications indicate that TB diagnosis should be prioritized. Conclusion: As a result of the pandemic, there were serious disruptions in TB care and services, leading to underdiagnosis of TB cases. To know the implications of the TB-COVID-19 syndemic, more studies are needed in countries with a high burden of TB. On the other hand, several efforts are being made worldwide to find miRNAs as specific biomarkers that can be used for the molecular diagnosis of TB.
The vaccine M. bovis BCG is the most applied worldwide nevertheless, it is protective efficacy especially against pulmonary tuberculosis is very variable. Diverse investigations are carried out to improve by recombinant BCG or to a new prototype vaccine. Neither, candidates for vaccines have increased the protection that confers the current BCG vaccine. While preclinical essays are realized with the most recent BCG vaccines. Although there is not sufficient knowledge based on recent discovery processes of biological such as, RNA that plays a very important role in the interaction cell host-M. bovis BCG over some, provide many answers that we are no aware, regarding to the protection against tuberculosis due to BCG vaccination.
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