Bone substitutes used in oral surgery include allografts, xenografts, and synthetic materials that are frequently used to compensate bone loss or to reinforce repaired bone, but little is currently known about their physicochemical characteristics. The aim of this study was to evaluate a number of physical and chemical properties in a variety of granulated mineral-based biomaterials used in dentistry and to compare them with those of autogenous bone. Autogenous bone and eight commercial biomaterials of human, bovine, and synthetic origins were studied by high-resolution X-ray diffraction, atomic absorption spectrometry, and laser diffraction to determine their chemical composition, calcium release concentration, crystallinity, and granulation size. The highest calcium release concentration was 24. 94 mg/g for Puros and the lowest one was 2.83 mg/g for Ingenios β-TCP compared to 20.15 mg/g for natural bone. The range of particles sizes, in terms of median size D50, varied between 1.32 μm for BioOss and 902.41 μm for OsteoSponge, compared to 282.1 μm for natural bone. All samples displayed a similar hexagonal shape as bone, except Ingenios β-TCP, Macrobone, and OsteoSponge, which showed rhomboid and triclinic shapes, respectively. Commercial bone substitutes significantly differ in terms of calcium concentration, particle size, and crystallinity, which may affect their in vivo performance.

Objectives: bone substitutes used in oral surgery include allografts, xenografts and synthetic materials that are frequently used to compensate bone loss or to reinforce repaired bone by encouraging new bone ingrowth into the defect site. The aim of this study was to evaluate a number ofphysical and chemical properties in a variety of allografts biomaterials used in oral surgery and to compare them with those of autogenous bone. Materials and methods: autogenous bone andfive different allograft biomaterials were studied by high-resolution X-ray diffractometry, atomic absorption spectrometry, laser diffraction, and checked for their chemical composition, calcium release concentration, crystallinity and granulation size. Results: the highest calcium release concentration was 24.94 mg/gforPuros® and the lowest one was 4.05 mg/gfor OsteoSponge® compared to 20.15 mg/g to natural bone. The range ofparticles size, in term of median size D50, varied between 394.24 pm for DIZG Spongiosa® and 902.41 pm for OsteoSponge®, compared to 282.1 pm for natural bone. Bone and Puros® displayed a hexagonal shape as bone except and OsteoSponge® which showed a triclinic shape and all the rest showed monoclinic shape. Conclusion: a bone substitute of choice depends largely on its clinical application that is associated to its biological and mechanical performance. These morphological differences between biomaterials greatly influence their in-vivo behavior of biomaterials. Significant differences were detected in terms of calcium concentration, particles size, and crystallinity.