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Approximately twenty temple excavations have yielded significant assemblages of animal bones. All come from Romano-Celtic temples in southern Britain, with the exception of four shrines for eastern cults. This paper picks out major characteristics of the assemblages and draws some general conclusions about the nature of the ritual activity that led to their deposition. At temples such as Uley or Hayling, sacrifices were probably an important part of the rituals, and the animals carefully selected. At other temples, animals had a lesser role, with little evidence of selection. At healing shrines, such as Bath and Lydney, animal sacrifices are not clearly attested, and would probably have taken place away from the areas used for healing humans. In contrast to the Romano-Celtic temples, animal remains at the shrines of eastern cults have very different characteristics: individual deposits can be linked to specific rituals within the cult buildings, and have many similarities to the continental evidence

In a recent article on female marines in the US Marine Corps, Connie Brownson has proposed the concept of equivalency rather than equality as a way of understanding their integration into the organization. Because of their almost inevitable physical inferiority to their male comrades, women cannot be regarded as fully equal in a Corps that prioritizes physical strength. However, they are respected and accepted as equivalent if they can perform their specialist military roles with competence and professionalism. This response examines the question of equivalence to assess its adequacy to contemporary gender transformations in the military.

OF the many domestic reforms hastened by the Crimean War, the rethinking of hospital design was one which most concerned the mid-Victorian architect. The deplorable state of military hospitals revealed by the Report of the Commission appointed to inquire into the Regulations affecting the Sanitary Condition of the Army, the Organization of Military Hospitals and the Treatment of the Sick and Wounded, 1858,1 stimulated the discussion of civil hospital reform2 which was already active in the mid-1850s. The change which took place from the early to the late nineteenth century, from conditions 'where cross-infection was a constant menace' to those 'where hospitals [were] ofpositive benefit to a substantial number of patients'3 occurred largely in the years following this report; improved medical knowledge, nursing reforms, increased attention to sanitation, and better planning and administration, combined to ensure that Florence Nightingale's maxim-'The first requirement in a hospital is that it should do the sick no harm'4-was far less relevant in 1890 than it had been fifty years before. Prior to 1861, there had been a considerable variety of different architectural designs for hospitals in this country, 'but in the 1870s and 1880s, the vast majority of new hospitals and rebuilt hospitals conformed to one basic plan-a series of separate pavilions placed parallel to one another'.5 The 'pavilion system', as conceived by its advocates, consisted preferably of single storey, or failing this, two-storey ward blocks, usually placed at right angles to a linking corridor which might either be straight or enclosing a large central square; the pavilions were widely separated, usually by lawns or gardens. In the wards, complete cross-ventilation was achieved by opposite rows of tall, narrow windows reaching from floor to ceiling. Natural ventilation, from doors, windows and fireplace was the rule. This uniformity of design among late Victorian hospitals, with its emphasis on spaciousness and natural ventilation, was the logical outcome of the general acceptance of the aerial conduction of disease, or, as it was known to contemporaries, the miasmic or pythogenic theory. The popularity of the pavilion system, expensive in terms of site value, building costs, administration, and maintenance, lasted well into this century. Moreover, with the rapid expansion of hospital facilities between 1861 and 1891, the twentieth 1 Parliamentary Reports and Papers, 1857-8, xviii (1).

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