available online a t httpd/www.idealibrary.com on hl 0 @ Correlations between habitat use and body shape in a phrynosomatid lizard (Urosuurus ornatus): a population-level analysisRecent ecomorphological studies have shown that the predicted correlations between morphology and ecology on broad taxonomic levels are often obscured when comparing more closely related groups. Among species, comparisons of lizards often indicate very little support for adaptive radiations into novel habitats. As few population level studies have been performed, we compared body, head and limb shape between four populations of Urosaurus ornatus living in structurally distinct habitats (cliffs, rocks, trees and boulders). Surprisingly, clear correlations between habitat use and body shape among populations were found, most of which were in good accordance with a priori biomechanical predictions (e.g. flat body and head for extreme climbers; long distal hindlimb segments for jumpers and runners; narrow body and long tail for tree dwelling lizards). This indicates that populations of Urosaurus ornatus are seemingly 'adapted to the habitat they live in. However, quantification of performance and behaviour are needed to determine the adaptive nature of these observations.

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Extreme climate events such as droughts, cold snaps, and hurricanes can be powerful agents of natural selection, producing acute selective pressures very different from the everyday pressures acting on organisms. However, it remains unknown whether these infrequent but severe disruptions are quickly erased by quotidian selective forces, or whether they have the potential to durably shape biodiversity patterns across regions and clades. Here, we show that hurricanes have enduring evolutionary impacts on the morphology of anoles, a diverse Neotropical lizard clade. We first demonstrate a transgenerational effect of extreme selection on toepad area for two populations struck by hurricanes in 2017. Given this short-term effect of hurricanes, we then asked whether populations and species that more frequently experienced hurricanes have larger toepads. Using 70 y of historical hurricane data, we demonstrate that, indeed, toepad area positively correlates with hurricane activity for both 12 island populations of Anolis sagrei and 188 Anolis species throughout the Neotropics. Extreme climate events are intensifying due to climate change and may represent overlooked drivers of biogeographic and large-scale biodiversity patterns.