Atomic-level understanding of the gate-opening phenomenon in flexible porous materials is an important step toward learning how to control, design, and engineer them for applications such as the separation of gases from complex mixtures. Here, we report such mechanistic insight through an in-depth study of the pressure-induced gate-opening phenomenon in our earlier reported metal–organic framework (MOF) Zn(dps)2(SiF6) (dps = 4,4′-dipyridylsulfide), also called UTSA-300, using isotherm and calorimetry measurements, in situ infrared spectroscopy, and ab initio simulations. UTSA-300 is shown to selectively adsorb acetylene (C2H2) over ethylene (C2H4) and ethane (C2H6) and undergoes an abrupt gate-opening phenomenon, making this framework a highly selective gas separator of this complex mixture. The selective adsorption is confirmed by pressure-dependent in situ infrared spectroscopy, which, for the first time, shows the presence of multiple C2H2 species with varying strengths of bonding. A rare energetic feature at the gate-opening condition of the flexible MOF is observed in our differential heat energies, directly measured by calorimetry, showcasing the importance of this tool in adsorption property exploration of flexible frameworks and offering an energetic benchmark for further energy-based fundamental studies. Based on the agreement of this feature with ab initio-based adsorption energies of C2H2 in the closed-pore structure UTSA-300a (“a” refers to the activated form), this feature is assigned to the weakening of the H-bond C–H···F formed between C2H2 and fluorine of the MOF. Our analysis identifies the weakening of this H-bond, the expansion of the closed-pore MOF upon successive C2H2 coadsorption until its volume is close to that of the open-pore MOF, and the spontaneous gate opening to energetically favor C2H2 adsorption in the open-pore structure as crucial steps in the gate-opening mechanism in this system.
Although the existence of a gate-opening phenomenon in the flexible RPM3–Zn is well known, the actual mechanism remains a mystery. Here, we provide a full picture that unambiguously identifies and explains the gate-opening mechanism in RPM3–Zn upon exposure to various hydrocarbonsacetylene, ethylene, ethane, propane, and butaneby combining insights gained from calorimetry, adsorption isotherms, PXRD, in situ infrared spectroscopy, and ab initio simulations. We find that the key to gate opening in this framework is the stretching of a bond between an O and the Zn metal center (COO–Zn), acting as a “stabilizer”, which weakens the necessary support required for the structure to remain intact. Consequently, an increasing concentration of guest molecules exerts sufficient internal pressure to induce strong structural transformations in the unit cell shape and volume, thus triggering the gate opening. Our results are critical to understanding the gate opening in several other flexible frameworks and provide an opportunity to fine-tune hydrocarbon separation.
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