An investigation on the incidence of Staphylococcus aureus, coliforms and antibiotic resistantEscherichia coli strains in both treated and untreated rural water supplies was carried out in Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria. Analysis revealed significant differences between the different water sources, locations and the months of sampling, with the stream and well water showing higher bacterial contamination compared to the tap water source (P<0.05). The isolation of S. aureus, Bacillus species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other bacterial pathogens present enough evidence that water from these sources are unfit for human consumption and constitute significant public health implications except subjected to further treatment. High percentages of the E. coli strains isolated from the water sources showed multiple resistances to most of the antibiotics commonly used by humans. Strains recovered from the stream and well water sources were most resistant and showed significantly higher minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) (P < 0.05) than those from the tap water source. The results of this investigation therefore revealed that the bacteriological quality of both the treated tap and untreated well and stream water sources failed to meet the standards for drinking water.
The nose is the central element of the face and has well defined racial, sexual and environmental characteristics and differences. Anthropometric analysis in the context of each patient's ethnic heritage forms the basis of an excellent result in rhinoplasty. Caucasian parameters have served as endpoints for nasal aesthetic and reconstructive surgery for centuries. As more non-Caucasians seek these surgeries, it has become evident that using a set of parameters cannot account for the great variability noted in people especially Africans. The objective of this study was to develop a reference for Ibibio nasal parameters which will guide reconstructive and aesthetic surgery and compare this with other ethnic groups in Nigeria and with other races. This was a prospective cross sectional community based study involving 200 males and 200 females aged 18-60 years, of Ibibio ethnic group in Akwa Ibom State, with no facial anomalies or history of facial surgery. Measurements were made with digital calipers and goniometers. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 20, independent t-test used to assess sexual dimorphism with significance level of p<0.05. The nasal parameters assessed for males and females were: Nasal length(46.4±1.7mm and 46.1±1.6mm), Nasal width (44.1±1.6mm and 41.2±1.3mm), Nasal index (95.2±3.2 and 89.6±3.4), Ear length/Nasal length (0.8±0.5 and 0.8±0.1); Nasal width/intercanthal distance (1.2±0.0 and 1.2±0.0); Nasal width/Mouth width (0.8 and 0.8±0.1); Neoclassical cannons assessed as follows: Nasoaural Canon IV fits 6% males and 4.5% females, Naso-occular canon V was the least frequently validated, and fits 2.5% males and 3% females, Naso-oral Canon VII was most frequently validated and fits 13.5% males and 8% females. Ibibio nose is predominantly platyrrhine. There is no statistically significant sexual dimorphism in nasal length but there is for the other parameters and indices measured and calculated. The Neoclassical canons fit a small fraction of the population and hence cannot be applied in this population. Proportions and ratios derived in this study may be a replacement for absolute values.
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