Electronic nicotine delivery systems/devices (ENDS) such as electronic cigarettes (ecigarettes) have been made available globally, with the intent to reduce tobacco smoking. To make these products more appealing to young adults, many brands have added flavoring agents. However, these flavoring agents are shown to progressively result in lung toxicity when inhaled via e-cigarettes. While recent federal regulations have banned the sale of flavored e-cigarettes other than tobacco or menthol flavors, concerns have been raised about the health effects of even these flavors. In this review, we evaluate the current toxicological data with regard to effects upon exposure in animal models and in vitro cell culture for these popular flavorants. We have tabulated the current e-cigarette products containing these most common flavors (menthol, mint, and tobacco) in the market. We have also indicated the prevalence of tobacco and mentholflavor use among e-cigarette users and highlighted the possible challenges and benefits that will result from new federal regulations.

No abstract

No abstract

There are numerous medicinal and industrial uses for nanoparticles in the detection and treatment of disease. Nanoparticles stand out for their ability to perform multiple tasks and their small size. It is possible to use nanoparticles to deliver drugs to specific sites in the body, as well as to increase cellular absorption. Gold nanoparticles, which are the most extensively investigated of all metallo-nanoparticles, are the focus of this review. Anti-cancer medications are available; however, necrosis of both malignant and non-cancerous cells is a side effect of many of them. The necrosis caused by gold nanoparticles affects exclusively cancer cells. Smaller than human cells, these tailored drug delivery devices can quickly infiltrate tumors and kill malignant cells. Anticancer medicines that have been conjugated with gold nanoparticles are more effective. Due to their photophysical and optical properties, gold nanoparticles are useful in chemotherapy and cancer diagnostics. Proteins, peptides, and nucleic acids can all be used to modify gold nanoparticles. Such devices have a wide range of applications, from biosensors to medication administration.

No abstract