Public transport operators often struggle to provide a reliable and efficient transport service. A lack of comprehensive real-time operational data is often cited as a major cause for this state of things. In this paper, we report on the design, implementation and testing of an Internet of Things-based system, named Bus Seating Information Technology (BusSIT) system, which dynamically determines vehicle occupancy while the bus is in service. It uses an array of sensors for detecting events in the vehicle: infrared sensors ascertain whether passengers are entering and leaving the bus; force sensitive resistors facilitate seatoccupancy detection; a Global Positioning System shield in conjunction with a Raspberry Pi 4 microcomputer enable real-time tracking of the bus; and a USB camera connected to the same Raspberry Pi assist in cross-checking and validating the preceding information. The data collected is uploaded to an online IoT platform (thinger.io), through 3G or 4G if available, and can be visualized via an android app as well as through a desktop computer user interface. The planned functions of the system were tested in a 20-seater bus. Results showed that the system is able to track the vehicle location, as well as vehicle occupancy in realtime in most cases.
This paper analyses three performance metrics namely average throughput, average network load and average video conferencing packet end-to-end delays under the influence of black hole attack in a Mobile Ad Hoc Network, using the ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing protocol. The simulation was carried out on Riverbed Modeler Academic Edition software. Simulation results show that the average throughput, average network load and average video conferencing packet end-to-end delay decreases as the number of black hole attack nodes is increased. Also, the effects of the influence of black hole attack nodes tend to decrease due to mobility of the nodes. It was observed that when the destination nodes move closer to the source nodes and get in to the latter’s transmission range, the effects of the black hole attack is greatly minimized.
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