Background and aims:There are very few reported clinical trials with direct comparison of buprenorphine and clonidine on subarachnoid block characteristics. The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of buprenorphine 75 µg and clonidine 37.5 µg as an adjuvant to 15 mg of 0.5% bupivacaine in lower limb surgeries with respect to the subarachnoid block characteristics, postoperative analgesia and side-effects.

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Background and Aims: Transdermal opioids are newer modality in use for the control of postoperative pain, because of its noninvasiveness, longer duration of action, sustained blood levels, and with minimal side effects. The study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy of analgesia of buprenorphine patch 10, 20 μg·h -1 and fentanyl patch 25 μg·h -1 for relief of pain in the postoperative period in patients undergoing arthroscopic lower limb surgeries. Materials and Methods: It was a randomized, double-blinded, prospective study in which adult patients undergoing lower limb arthroscopic surgery were randomly segregated into three groups. In Group 1 (fentanyl patch 25 μg·h -1 ), Group 2 (buprenorphine patch 10 μg·h -1 ), and Group 3 (buprenorphine patch 20 μg·h -1 ), transdermal patches were applied 12 h prior to surgery. Mean NRS score, total rescue analgesic requirement, drug-related adverse effects, and hemodynamic status were evaluated till 72 h in the postoperative period. Results: Out of 175 screened patients, 150 patients were finally analyzed. Baseline characteristics were the same among all the three groups. Median NRS score was lowest in Group 3 [ P value < 0.05 at 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h after surgery (Kruskal Wallis test). The total consumption of postoperative rescue analgesic diclofenac was the lowest in Group 3 as compared to other groups without any significant increase in adverse events. Conclusions: In arthroscopic lower limb surgery, buprenorphine patch (20 μg·h -1 ) applied 12 h prior to surgery is an effective postoperative analgesic and it is not associated with any significant adverse effects.

Background and aims: Magnesium sulfate has recently gained popularity as an adjuvant to general anesthesia. It acts as a blocker of N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist and hence may have a potential role in the prevention of postoperative pain. The aim of the present prospective, randomized, double-blind, and placebocontrolled study was to evaluate the efficacy of injection magnesium sulfate 50 mg/kg as premedication upon postoperative pain and analgesic requirement in patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anesthesia.

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM), a metabolic disorder mainly characterized by hyperglycemia, causes the damage of various organs including the eyes, liver, kidney and heart. It is evident that diet plays a key role in the management of DM. Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of Zn and Mg supplemented diets as an adjuvant therapy with glibenclamide on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Methods: The rats who showed a blood glucose level of 200 mg/dL or higher, after 48 h of STZ injection, were considered as diabetic. The rats were divided into eight groups in which the normal control group comprised of non-diabetic rats whereas the rest of the groups had diabetic rats in which glibenclamide (5 mg/kg) with an ordinary diet was given to positive control group whereas test groups were treated with glibenclamide with specific diets. Blood glucose, body weight and lipid profile, as well as the liver and kidney functions, were evaluated using standard kits after a certain interval upto 21 days. Results: Glibenclamide at different doses with or without Zn and Mg significantly decreased blood glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, urea, creatinine, total bilirubin and LDL whereas increased the HDL level. The study revealed that glibenclamide together with Zn and Mg-rich diet showed the most significant (p<0.0001) results. Conclusion: The treatment of diabetes mellitus with glibenclamide can produce better results if used with Zn and Mg-rich diet which can be a potential adjuvant therapy for type-2 diabetes and its associated complications.

The study was conducted to compare the onset time, duration and quality of analgesia between 0.5% levo-bupivacaine and 0.5% ropivacaine given in brachial plexus. This prospective, triple blind randomized controlled trial was conducted between January 2020 to December 2021. Seventy patients were randomly allocated into two groups of 35 patients each to receive USG guided brachial plexus block with 30 ml of 0.5% levo-bupivacaine or 30 ml of 0.5%ropivacaine. Blinded observer recorded the onset time and duration of brachial plexus block. Patient characteristics regarding age, weight, and surgical time were comparable in the two groups. The mean onset time of sensory blockade with 0.5% ropivacaine and 0.5%levo-bupivacaine was clinically comparable in our present study. The mean duration of sensory block with 0.5% ropivacaine and 0.5% levo-bupivacaine was also comparable in study. The mean onset time for motor block with 0.5%levo-bupivacaine was lesser than 0.5% ropivacaine. The mean duration of motor block observed in present study with 0.5% ropivacaine  was lesser than 0.5% levo-bupivacaine. Mean duration of post operative analgesia of 485.0 ± 76.90 mins (8.08 hrs) was noted with 0.5%ropivacaine and 491.91 ± 92.99 mins (8.2 hrs) with 0.5%levo-bupivacaine which was clinically comparable and the difference was statistically insignificant.

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