Spectral Karyotyping (SKY) is one of the most useful cytogenetic techniques for detecting the whole genome in all types of chromosomal abnormalities in any individual. This is because all types of chromosomal abnormalities affect many genes, leading to cancers and many types of syndromes such as Edward's and Down's syndromes, which result in mental disabilities, malformations, and/or improperly developed body parts in affected individuals. This review will explain how Spectral karyotyping works and how it is performed. In addition, the classification of chromosomal abnormalities is explained.

Brassica oleracea var. acephala (kale) is a worldwide known vegetable plant, known for its heavy metal accumulation abilities. This study analyzed the phytoremediation potential of domestic BiH kale varieties, grown in a controlled environment and with different concentrations of Cadmium (Cd). Cd is a known pollutant found in small concentrations in soil under normal environmental conditions. Real-Time PCR was used to analyze the gene expression activity of Cd heavy metal correlated genes (MAPK2 and NRAMP6). The root analysis assay confirmed shorter root length after Cd treatment, confirming severe Cd impact on plant cell growth, implying shorter growth in roots in all treated kales. Gene expression results showed that Cd triggers the expression of MAPK2 and NRAMP6 suggesting their significant involvement in Cd metabolizing processes. Based on the combined results, kale from the Stolac region is found to be the most resistant variety, while the only hybrid kale, accumulates the most Cd suggesting its phytoremediation potential.