In the 21st century, natural disasters and emergencies occur frequently worldwide, which leads to the loss of hundreds of thousands of lives as well as the direct and indirect economic losses. China has a vast territory frequently struck by natural disasters. However, the reality is not optimistic. Poor organization and management during the rescue actions, the lack of large-scale, systematic medical rescue equipment were all great barriers to the outcomes. Mobile hospitals are expected to provide better health care. We were inspired by the concept of mobile hospital. Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, has set up trauma care system since 1988, in which prehospital care, intensive care, and in-hospital treatment is fully integrated. As a major advantage, such a system provided assurance of "golden hour" rescue treatment. Providing mobile intensive care and prehospital surgical service for severe trauma patients could reduce mortality significantly. Based on the civilian experiences in Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, the mobile emergency (surgical) hospital was developed.
The metropolitan area is the inevitable trend of urbanization towards an advanced form. The pattern of urban radiation is the key to building a metro area and promoting high-quality regional development. In order to effectively promote the rationalization of metropolitan areas and regional integration development, this paper takes the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region as an example, calculates the intensity of city centrality (ICC) based on the statistical data, and explores the radiation pattern and spatial relationship of cities at different levels by using methods such as the extended breaking point model and the hierarchical Voronoi diagram. The research results show that: (1) The ICC in the YRD shows a spatial pattern of “high in the east and low in the west, high in the middle and low in the north and south”. (2) The ICC value of “strong-strong” adjacent cities shows the tendency of the radiation range to shrink and that the radiation direction is perpendicular to both sides. The “strong-weak” adjacent cities’ radiation range and direction show an expansion–contraction trend. The radiation range and direction of “weak-weak” adjacent cities exhibit disorder. (3) Because the ICC is hierarchical, urban radiation is a polycentric, nested circle structure. Shanghai is the first-level center, and Hangzhou, Nanjing, Ningbo, Hefei, and Xuzhou are the second-level centers. (4) The sequence of the spatial morphological complexity and stability in each circle, from complex to simple, is the Hangzhou circle, the Shanghai circle, the Xuzhou circle, the Hefei circle, and the Nanjing circle. The spatial morphological characteristics of the Ningbo circle do not meet the morphological dimension conditions. The study of the polycentric circle structure is of practical significance for the enhancement of the radiation driving effect of the central city and the expansion and improvement of the metropolitan area.
The leaf area index (LAI) shows a significant increasing trend from global to regional scales, which is known as greening. Greening will further enhance photosynthesis, but it is unclear whether the contribution of greening has exceeded the CO 2 fertilization effect and become the dominant factor in the gross primary productivity (GPP) variation. We took the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) of China, where cropland and natural vegetation are significantly greening, as an example. Based on the boreal ecosystem productivity simulator (BEPS) and Revised-EC-LUE models, the GPP in the YRD from 2001 to 2020 was simulated, and attribution analysis of the interannual variation in GPP was performed. In addition, the reliability of the GPP simulated by the dynamic global vegetation model (DGVM) in the area was further investigated. The research results showed that GPP in the YRD had three significant characteristics consistent with LAI: (1) GPP showed a significant increasing trend; (2) the multiyear mean and trend of natural vegetation GPP were higher than those of cropland GPP; and(3) cropland GPP showed double-high peak characteristics. The BEPS and Revised-EC-LUE models agreed that the effect of LAI variation (4.29 Tg C yr -1 for BEPS and 2.73 Tg C yr -1 for the Revised-EC-LUE model) determined the interannual variation in GPP, which was much higher than the CO 2 fertilization effect (2.29 Tg C yr -1 for BEPS and 0.67 Tg C yr -1 for the Revised-EC-LUE model). The GPP simulated by the 7 DGVMs showed a huge inconsistency with the GPP estimated by remote sensing models. The deviation of LAI simulated by DGVM might be a potential cause for this phenomenon. Our study highlights that in significant greening areas, LAI has dominated GPP variation, both spatially and temporally, and DGVM can correctly simulate GPP only if it accurately simulates LAI variation.
The speed of urban growth affects urban development’s momentum and urban agglomeration’s spatial state. The influence of the asymmetric flow of population and land factors on the economic agglomeration effect is an essential issue in the coordinated development of urbanization. To study its impact on the orderly development of China’s urban economy, this paper selects 41 cities in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region, measuring the spatial and temporal evolution of the allometric growth relationship between population and land, explores the mechanism of the effect of allometric relationships on the economic agglomeration effect. The results show that: 1) Population-land allometric growth is characterized by a transition from population to land expansion. The transition phase is divided into six stages, from positive to negative allometric growth. In terms of scaling coefficients, the period from 2000 to 2011 is characterized by negative allometric growth, and the period from 2012 to 2019 is characterized by positive allometric growth. Spatially, the Shanghai metropolitan area evolves into a positive allometric primary stage, while the core and central areas evolve into a positive allometric secondary stage, with the latter’s development transition lagging behind the former by about 10 years. 2) The spatial dependence of economic agglomeration in the Yangtze River Delta is strong, showing a spatial distribution trend of “high in the middle, low in the north and south, high in the east and low in the west,” the agglomeration gap is gradually reduced, forming a “continuous area of high-value economic agglomeration” with the core area as the center and spreading outward, reflecting the efficacy of the Yangtze River Delta integrated development strategy. 3) The economic agglomeration effect of allometric growth is classified into four types: positive-allometric positive-effect, positive-allometric negative-effect, negative-allometric positive-effect, and negative-allometric negative-effect. In the Yangtze River Delta region, 70.7% of the cities have positive effects, of which 93.1% are positive-positive. 4) The allometric growth has an important impact on the reconfiguration of economic agglomeration pattern, 78% of the cities in the study period produced leapfrog movements in different quadrants, and the incongruity between population growth and land expansion should be actively regulated in the future to promote the evolution of cities towards an intensive type of population-land coordination to lead the high-quality development of the regional economy.
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