Of the techniques tested for CAS registration, invasive fiducial markers are the most accurate. Skin surface landmarks, bony landmarks, and an intraoral splint are incrementally less accurate.

Computer modeling and intraoperative navigation is a relatively new tool that can assist surgeons with reconstruction of the maxillofacial skeleton.

The AAST grading for male external genital trauma readily characterizes patients with high grade injuries that require operative management as well as select patients in whom injury can be safely managed nonoperatively.

Endoscopic repair of facial fractures is a new and evolving technique that offers the potential for reduced patient morbidity and operating time, as well as quicker patient recovery. Current applications include the management of orbital blow-out, frontal sinus, zygomatic arch, and subcondylar fractures. It should be emphasized that endoscopy augments, rather than replaces, the 'time tested' principles of adequate skeletal exposure, accurate fracture reduction, and appropriate internal fixation.