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This ethnographic study was conducted at a high school on California's central coast during the 2000 to 2001 school year. The study focused on the social interactions between immigrant Latinos and their White peers and identified factors contributing to boundaries that existed between the two groups. During interviews, students were given a map of the school and asked to identify the different student groups on campus. Findings indicate that immigrant Latino students were virtually invisible to the White students at the school.

The impact of coronavirus disease 2019 challenged schools and credential programs to adjust pedagogy, but rapid changes impeded equitable practices to K-12 grade English Learners (ELs). The framework stems from critical multicultural education. Data represented 81 credential candidates across three universities. Study confirmed that ELs lacked access to online learning, active engagement with peers/teachers, and differentiated instruction due to rapid changes and uncertainties to their programs.

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