BackgroundTo explore if stimulus–response (S-R) characteristics of the silent period (SP) after transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) are affected by changing the SP definition and by changing data presentation in healthy individuals. This information would be clinically relevant to predict motor recovery in patients with stroke using stimulus–response curves.MethodsDifferent landmarks to define the SP onset and offset were used to construct S-R curves from the biceps brachii (BB) and abductor digiti minimi (ADM) muscles in 15 healthy participants using rectified versus non-rectified surface electromyography (EMG). A non-linear mixed model fit to a sigmoid Boltzmann function described the S-R characteristics. Differences between S-R characteristics were compared using paired sample t-tests. The Bonferroni correction was used to adjust for multiple testing.ResultsFor the BB, no differences in S-R characteristics were observed between different SP onset and offset markers, while there was no influence of data presentation either. For the ADM, no differences were observed between different SP onset markers, whereas both the SP offset marker “the first return of any EMG-activity” and presenting non-rectified data showed lower active motor thresholds and less steep slopes.ConclusionsThe use of different landmarks to define the SP offset as well as data presentation affect SP S-R characteristics of the ADM in healthy individuals.

Neurogenic heterotopic ossi®cation (NHO) is a frequent complication in spinal cord injury (SCI) that is often di cult to treat. This review emphasizes the incidence, risk factors and clinical signs of NHO in SCI patients. Although the exact pathophysiology underlying NHO in neurologic patients is not yet understood, di erent pathogenic mechanisms have been proposed in the literature. A selection of the most important theories will be given and discussed. Moreover the di erent diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive methods currently used in NHO management after SCI will be reviewed.

Background and Purpose-The long-term effects of 6-weeks whole-body vibration, as a novel method of somatosensory stimulation, on postural control and activities of daily living were compared with those of 6 weeks of exercise therapy on music of the same intensity in the postacute phase of stroke. Methods-Fifty-three patients with moderate to severe functional disabilities were randomized within 6 weeks poststroke and within 3 days after admission to a rehabilitation center to either whole-body vibration or exercise therapy on music in addition to a regular inpatient rehabilitation program. The whole-body vibration group received 4ϫ45-second stimulation on the Galileo 900 (30-Hz frontal plane oscillations of 3-mm amplitude) for 5 days per week during 6 weeks. The exercise therapy on music group received the same amount of exercise therapy on music. Outcome variables included the Berg Balance Scale, Trunk Control Test, Rivermead Mobility Index, Barthel Index, Functional Ambulation Categories, Motricity Index, and somatosensory threshold at 0, 6, and 12 weeks follow up. Results-At baseline, both groups were comparable in terms of prognostic factors and outcome measures. Both at 6 and 12 weeks follow up, no clinically relevant or statistical differences in outcome were observed between the groups. No side effects were reported. Conclusions-Daily sessions of whole-body vibration during 6 weeks are not more effective in terms of recovery of balance and activities of daily living than the same amount of exercise therapy on music in the postacute phase of stroke.

Background and Objective Favorable prognosis of the upper limb depends on preservation or return of voluntary finger extension (FE) early after stroke. The present study aimed to determine the effects of modified constraint-induced movement therapy (mCIMT) and electromyography-triggered neuromuscular stimulation (EMG-NMS) on upper limb capacity early poststroke. Methods A total of 159 ischemic stroke patients were included: 58 patients with a favorable prognosis (>10° of FE) were randomly allocated to 3 weeks of mCIMT or usual care only; 101 patients with an unfavorable prognosis were allocated to 3-week EMG-NMS or usual care only. Both interventions started within 14 days poststroke, lasted up until 5 weeks, focused at preservation or return of FE. Results Upper limb capacity was measured with the Action Research Arm Test (ARAT), assessed weekly within the first 5 weeks poststroke and at postassessments at 8, 12, and 26 weeks. Clinically relevant differences in ARAT in favor of mCIMT were found after 5, 8, and 12 weeks poststroke (respectively, 6, 7, and 7 points; P < .05), but not after 26 weeks. We did not find statistically significant differences between mCIMT and usual care on impairment measures, such as the Fugl-Meyer assessment of the arm (FMA-UE). EMG-NMS did not result in significant differences. Conclusions Three weeks of early mCIMT is superior to usual care in terms of regaining upper limb capacity in patients with a favorable prognosis; 3 weeks of EMG-NMS in patients with an unfavorable prognosis is not beneficial. Despite meaningful improvements in upper limb capacity, no evidence was found that the time-dependent neurological improvements early poststroke are significantly influenced by either mCIMT or EMG-NMS.

In stroke patients with an initial paralysis of the upper extremity the presence or absence of an MEP has similar predictive value compared with early clinical assessment with regard to long-term hand motor recovery.

There is preliminary evidence for beneficial effects of serial casting and surgery on passive ankle dorsiflexion as well as on walking kinetics and kinematics, although normalization does not seem to occur. Botulinum toxin type A does not improve the results of casting. Only after surgery are sustainable effects lasting > 1 year reported. Effectiveness on functional activities and social participation has yet to be demonstrated.

Background: Main claims of the literature are that functional recovery of the paretic upper limb is mainly defined within the first month post stroke and that rehabilitation services should preferably be applied intensively and in a task-oriented way within this particular time window. EXplaining PLastICITy after stroke (acronym EXPLICIT-stroke) aims to explore the underlying mechanisms of post stroke upper limb recovery. Two randomized single blinded trials form the core of the programme, investigating the effects of early modified Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy (modified CIMT) and EMG-triggered Neuro-Muscular Stimulation (EMG-NMS) in patients with respectively a favourable or poor probability for recovery of dexterity.

Background: Sedentary behaviour (SB) is potentially an important target to improve cardiovascular health. This study 1) compared SB between cardiovascular disease (CVD) patients and age-matched controls, 2) identified characteristics associated with high SB levels, and 3) determined the impact of contemporary cardiac rehabilitation (CR) on SB. Methods: For objective 1, we recruited 131 CVD patients and 117 controls. All participants were asked about their general characteristics and medical history. SB was assessed by an objective accelerometer (activPAL3 micro). For objective 2, 2584 CVD patients were asked to fill in a questionnaire about their general characteristics, lifestyle, medical history and their SB. For objective 3, 131 CVD patients were followed over time and measured, pre-, directly post-and 2 months post-CR. Results: Objective 1. CVD patients spent 10.4 h/day (Q25 9.5; Q75 11.2) sedentary which was higher compared to healthy controls (9.4 h/day [Q25 8.4; Q75 10.29]). Objective 2. CVD patients being male, single or divorced, employed, physically inactive, reporting high alcohol consumption, living in an urban environment, having comorbidities and cardiac anxiety demonstrated a greater odds for large amounts of SB. Objective 3. The CR program significantly reduced sedentary time (−0.4 h/day [95%CI-0.7; −0.1]), which remained lower at 2-months post-CR (−0.3 h/day [95%CI-0.6; −0.03]). Conclusions: CVD patients had greater amounts of objectively measured sedentary time compared to healthy controls. Sedentarism was associated with personal-and lifestyle characteristics, and comorbidities. Participation in a contemporary CR program slightly reduced sedentary time, but tailored interventions are needed to target SB in CVD patients.