Our results also indicated that there was no influence of body mass index (BMI) on the hydration parameter OH/ECW. OH/ECW remained an independent predictor of mortality when the BMI and lean tissue index were included in multivariate model. However, it remains to be determined if correcting the OH status of a patient will lead to improvement in mortality.

AIM General developmental outcome is known to be good in school-aged children who experienced febrile seizures. We examined cognitive and behavioural outcomes in preschool children with febrile seizures, including language and executive functioning outcomes.METHOD This work was performed in the Generation R Study, a population-based cohort study inRotterdam from early fetal life onwards. Information about the occurrence of febrile seizures was collected by questionnaires at the ages of 1, 2, and 3 years. At the age of 3 years, behaviour and emotion were assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist. Information on expressive language development was obtained by the Language Development Survey at the age of 2 years 6 months. To assess executive functioning, parents completed the Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function -Preschool Version when their children were 4 years old. Final analyses were based on 3157 children. RESULTSNo associations were found between febrile seizures and the risk of behavioural problems or executive functioning. In contrast to single febrile seizures, recurrent febrile seizures were significantly associated with an increased risk of delayed vocabulary development (odds ratio 3.22, [95% confidence interval 1.30-7.94]).INTERPRETATION Febrile seizures are not associated with problem behaviour or executive functioning in preschool children, but the results suggest that children with recurrent febrile seizures might be at risk for delayed language development.Febrile seizures are common in young children, with a cumulative incidence of 2 to 5% in the first 5 years of life. The highest incidence has been reported in the first 2 years of life. The aetiology has remained unclear, although genetic and environmental mechanisms are known to be involved. 1 The behavioural and cognitive outcomes of children who had febrile seizures have been the subject of many studies. Most population-based cohort-studies did not find clear differences in developmental outcomes between children with and without febrile seizures, and suggest that febrile seizures are an essentially benign disorder with a good prognosis. [2][3][4][5] Most of these studies assessed general intelligence, academic progress, and behavioural outcome in school-aged children. However, other aspects of cognitive function or behaviour still might be adversely affected in children with febrile seizures. Also, at a young age, differences in cognitive function or development might be apparent that disappear at a later age. Besides this, certain subgroups of children with febrile seizures may have a less favourable prognosis. Several studies have reported that children with recurrent or prolonged febrile seizures perform worse on neuropsychological tests than typically developing children or those with single, simple febrile seizures [6][7][8] . Other studies have suggested an adverse outcome for children with a first febrile seizure before their first birthday. 3,5,9 The current study examined whether a history of febrile seizures during th...

AIM To examine the incidence of paroxysmal epileptic and non-epileptic disorders and the associated prenatal and perinatal factors that might predict them in the first year of life in a population-based cohort.METHOD This study was embedded in the Generation R Study, a population-based prospective cohort study from early fetal life onwards. Information about the occurrence of paroxysmal events, defined as suddenly occurring episodes with an altered consciousness, altered behaviour, involuntary movements, altered muscle tone, and ⁄ or a changed breathing pattern, was collected by questionnaires at the ages of 2, 6, and 12 months. Information on possible prenatal and perinatal determinants was obtained by measurements and questionnaires during pregnancy and after birth.RESULTS Information about paroxysmal events in the first year of life was available in 2860 participants (1410 males, 1450 females). We found an incidence of paroxysmal disorders of 8.9% (n=255) in the first year of life. Of these participants, 17 were diagnosed with febrile seizures and two with epilepsy. Non-epileptic events included physiological events, apnoeic spells, loss of consciousness by causes other than epileptic seizures or apnoeic spells, parasomnias, and other events. Preterm birth (p<0.001) and low Apgar score at 1 minute (p<0.05) were significantly associated with paroxysmal disorders in the first year of life. Continued maternal smoking during pregnancy and preterm birth were significantly associated with febrile seizures in the first year of life (p<0.05).INTERPRETATION Paroxysmal disorders are frequent in infancy. They are associated with preterm birth and a low Apgar score. Epileptic seizures only form a minority of the paroxysmal events in infancy. In this study, children whose mothers continued smoking during pregnancy had a higher reported incidence of febrile seizures in the first year of life. These findings may generate various hypotheses for further investigations.Seizures and epilepsy are a common problem in childhood. 1There are also many conditions that can mimic them. [2][3][4] It is important to distinguish non-epileptic paroxysmal events from epileptic seizures. In epileptic seizures, the suddenly occurring motor, sensory, autonomic, or psychic symptoms are caused by a transient dysfunction of the brain or part of the brain, caused by a sudden discharge of a group of hypersensitive neurons. Different types of seizures and epilepsy syndromes are distinguished. 5,6 Non-epileptic paroxysmal events can be due to physiological or exaggerated physiological responses, parasomnias, movement disorders, behavioural or psychiatric disturbances, or to haemodynamic, respiratory or gastrointestinal dysfunction.2,3 They seem to be frequent in early childhood. 4,7 Several epidemiological studies have examined the incidence of epilepsy and seizures.1 Few data exist on the incidence of non-epileptic paroxysmal events and the relative frequency of the different types of event in the general population. In one study, they were reported...

Patients that were overhydrated had higher cTnT, and had deaths that were more likely to be cardiac related. Reduction in OH correlated with lowering of cTnT.

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