RESUMO -Este trabalho analisa as relações entre o preconceito contra os homossexuais e as representações sociais sobre a homossexualidade. Trata-se de um estudo correlacional com 374 estudantes de teologia (207 evangélicos e 167 católicos) que responderam um questionário sobre crenças e atitudes em relação aos homossexuais. Os resultados indicam duas formas de expressão do preconceito: sutil e flagrante. O preconceito sutil está relacionado com a crença numa natureza biológica e psicossocial e com a descrença numa representação ético-moral da homossexualidade. O preconceito flagrante está relacionado com a descrença na natureza biológica e psicossocial e com uma representação ético-moral. A hipótese de que as representações sociais sobre a natureza dos grupos minoritários estão na base do preconceito e da discriminação é corroborada.Palavras-Chave: Preconceito; homofobia; representações sociais Prejudice against Homosexuals and Social Representations of Homosexuality of Catholic and Evangelic SeminariansABSTRACT -This study analyzes the relationship between prejudice against homosexuals and social representations about homosexuality. Participants were 374 theology students (167 catholic and 207 evangelic) who individually answered a questionnaire about beliefs and attitudes toward homosexuals. Results allowed to identify two forms of prejudice: Subtle and blatant. The subtle prejudice is related to biological and psychosocial representations about homosexuality and to the disbelief in an ethical and moral nature of homosexuality. The blatant prejudice is related with the disbelief in a biological and psychosocial nature as well as with ethical and moral representations about homosexuality. In the discussion it is argued that social representations about the nature of minority groups can form the basis of prejudice and discrimination.Keywords: prejudice; homophobia; social representations Os resultados apresentados por diversas linhas de pesquisa têm mostrado que a manifestação explícita do preconceito tem diminuído nas últimas décadas (e.g., Gaertner & Dovidio, 1986;Katz & Hass, 1988;McConahay, Hardee & Batts, 1981;Pettigrew & Meertens, 1995;Sears & Henry, 2003). Contudo, empiricamente também se evidencia que essa redução se verifica apenas em relação aos grupos sociais protegidos pela norma do anti-preconceito (e.g., Crandall, Eshleman & O'Brien, 2002). De fato, contra grupos que não estão protegidos por essas normas, a manifestação flagrante ainda persiste com grande intensidade (e.g., Deschamps, Vala, Marinho, Lopes & Cabecinhas, 2005;Pereira, Vala & Leyens, 2009;Vala, Lopes, Lima & Brito, 2002), como o preconceito contra homossexuais (e.g., Frank & McEneaney, 1999;Lacerda, Pereira & Camino, 2002;Melton, 1989). Ainda que exista uma representação social amplamente compartilhada de que "todos devem ter direitos iguais perante a Lei", no que se refere às minorias sexuais, a aplicação desse princípio parece ser mais complexa, como têm revelado as investigações sobre o preconceito contra os homossexuais (e.g., Cra...
Different studies regarding the role of norms on the expression of prejudice have shown that the anti-prejudice norm influences people to inhibit prejudice expressions. However, if norm pressure has led to a substantial decrease in the public expression of prejudice against certain targets (e.g., blacks, women, blind people), little theoretical and empirical attention has been paid to the role of this general norm regarding sexual minorities (e.g., prostitutes, lesbians and gays). In this sense, the issue we want to address is whether general anti-prejudice norms can reduce the expression of prejudice against homosexual individuals. In this research we investigate the effect of activating an anti-prejudice norm against homosexuals on blatant and subtle expressions of prejudice. The anti-prejudice norm was experimentally manipulated and its effects were observed on rejection to intimacy (blatant prejudice) and on positive-negative emotions (subtle prejudice) regarding homosexuals. 136 university students were randomly allocated to activated-norm and control conditions and completed a questionnaire that included norm manipulation and the dependent variables. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) as well as subsequent ANOVAS showed that only in the high normative pressure condition participants expressed less rejection to intimacy and less negative emotions against homosexuals, when compared to the simple norm-activation and the control conditions. Positive emotions, however, were similar both in the high normative pressure and the control conditions. We concluded that a high anti-prejudice pressure regarding homosexuals could reduce blatant prejudice but not subtle prejudice, considering that the expression of negative emotions decreased while the expression of positive emotions remained stable.
RESUMOEste estudo analisa a relação entre as crenças sobre a natureza da homossexualidade e a homofobia no futebol. Participaram 184 jogadores de futebol, a maioria do sexo masculino (74%), com idade média de 24,5 anos. Os participantes responderam as escalas de crenças sobre a homossexualidade, preconceito e expressão emocional. Os resultados demonstram que os participantes do sexo feminino apresentam-se com menos atitudes preconceituosas do que os do sexo masculino e os mais novos exprimem maior homofobia do que os participantes mais velhos. Relativamente às crenças, os esportistas com maior adesão às crenças de natureza ético-moral da homossexualidade exprimem mais atitudes homofóbicas. Já os esportistas com maior adesão à crença sobre a natureza da homossexualidade baseada em justificativas culturais são aqueles com atitudes menos homofóbicas. Os resultados são discutidos à luz do papel desempenhado pelas crenças sobre a natureza da homossexualidade enquanto princípios organizadores do preconceito homofóbico.Palavras-chave: preconceito; homofobia; crenças essencialistas; futebol. RESUMENEste estudio examina la relación entre las creencias sobre la naturaleza de la homosexualidad y la homofobia en el fútbol. Participaron 184 jugadores de fútbol, la mayoría hombres (74%) con una edad media de 24,5 años, que completaron escalas de creencias sobre la homosexualidad, el prejuicio y la expresión emocional. Los resultados muestran que las mujeres presentan menos actitudes prejuiciosas que los hombres y los más jovenes presentan más homofobia que los de mayor edad. Los atletas con mayor adherencia a las creencias éticas y morales de la naturaleza de la homosexualidad expresaron actitudes más homofóbicas. Ya los atletas con mayor adhesión a la creencia sobre la naturaleza de la homosexualidad basada en justificaciones culturales son los que tienen menos actitudes homofóbicas. Los resultados se discuten a la luz del papel de las creencias acerca de la naturaleza de la homosexualidad como principios organizativos de los prejuicios homofóbicos.Palabras clave: prejuicio; homofobia; creencias esencialistas; fútbol. ABSTRACTThis study examines the relationship between beliefs about the nature of homosexuality and homophobia in the soccer context. Participated 184 Portuguese soccer players, most of them were male (74%) with a mean age of 24.5 years. Participants responded to scales of beliefs about homosexuality, prejudice and emotional expression. The results show that female participants expressed less prejudiced attitudes than male ones, and that younger expressed greater homophobia than older participants. Regarding beliefs, participants who more adhered to ethical-moral beliefs about the nature of homosexuality expressed more homophobic attitudes, while participants who more strongly endorsed belief on the cultural nature of homosexuality expressed less homophobic attitudes. The results are discussed in light of the role played by the beliefs about the nature of homosexuality as organising principles of homophobic prej...
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