A review of reviews following a scoping review study design was conducted in order to deconstruct the black box of interactions between the built environment and human behaviors pertaining to physical activity and/or diet. In the qualitative analysis 107 records were included, 45 of which were also coded. Most review papers confirmed the influence of the built environment on the behaviors of interest with some noting that a same built environment feature could have different behavioral outcomes. The conceptual model developed sheds light on these mixed results and brings out the role of several personal and behavioral factors in the shift from the measured to the perceived built environment. This shift was found to shape individuals’ behaviors critically and to have the power of redefining the strength of every interaction. Apart from its theoretical relevance, this model has high practical relevance especially for the design and implementation of interventions with a behavioral component. Intervention researchers can use the model developed to identify and label the built environment and individual factors that can be measured objectively or perceived as facilitators, concurrent options and barriers, in order to develop comprehensive and multi-component intervention strategies.

T o preserve human health security, a global surveillance system able to rapidly detect, verify, and assess burgeoning outbreaks is key. The World Health Organization (WHO) International Health Regulations (2005) (1) provides an international and legally binding framework for the early detection of, reporting of, and response to any public health threat (e.g., infectious disease outbreaks) that might be of international concern using an all-hazards approach (2). Event-based surveillance through informal sources now represents a critical source for epidemic intelligence (3). Almost all major outbreaks during 1994-2017 investigated by the WHO were early reported and identified through informal sources (4-7). One of the most valued, internationally acknowledged sources for epidemic intelligence activities that is also available as an open source is ProMED-mail (4,8). By relying on local media, professional networks, and on-the-ground experts, ProMED-mail staff produce reports on occurrences of emerging infectious diseases and outbreaks in near real-time. Specialist moderators curate these reports and provide subject matter expert commentaries. ProMED-mail captures many reports of undiagnosed diseases (i.e., reports of public health