Accessible summary• This article will describe a group to help improve self-esteem in adults with learning disabilities. • The group was based on a cognitive behavioural therapy model.• The article will show how this particular group was organized and run.• Relevant research and theory will be discussed and an outline of the group itself will be given.
Summary The effects on Rhizobium trifolii and the nodulation of subterranean clover of possible inhibitors associated with soil acidity were evaluated. In an inorganic salts solution in the presence of subterranean clover, the numbers ofR. trifolii increased, but the population declined at pH 4.2. Nodules were formed only at pH 4.8 and above. The bacterium grew after a lag period in a culture medium containing 75u.M AI or 100tsM FeSO4. At 150tul/Mn, the formation of nodules was not inhibited. At 200tzM Fe as an EDTA chelate, R. trifolii grew at the expense of plant excretions, but nodulation was scant. Rhizobial numbers did not increase and nodules were not formed at 500tam Fe as the EDTA chelate or at 200W$/FeSO,. In the presence of 50 tzM A1, rhizobial numbers declined around clover roots, and nodules were not formed. The data show that A1 is toxic to R. trifolii growing on root excretions and that low pH and high Fe concentrations are detrimental to the formation of nodules on subterranean clover even in the presence of large numbers of rhizobia.
The purpose of this project was to conduct a systematic review to identify instruments designed to evaluate the quality of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of natural health products (NHPs). Instruments were examined for inclusion of items assessing methods, identity and content of the NHP, generalizability of results and instructions for use. Online databases, websites, textbooks and reference lists were searched to identify instruments. Relevance assessment and data extraction of articles were completed by two investigators and disagreements were settled by the third investigator. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Of the 4442 citations identified, 29 were potentially relevant with 16 meeting the criteria for inclusion. None of the instruments stated they were validated; content in the four areas of interest varied considerably. The most common items included randomization sequence generation (100%), blinding (100%), allocation concealment (75%) and participant flow (75%). Only nine of the NHP instruments included at least one item to appraise the specific content of the NHP. The CONSORT Statement for Herbal Interventions most closely addressed the four areas of interest; however, this instrument was specific for herbs. There is a need for the development of a validated instrument for assessment of the quality of RCTs that would be useful for herbs as well as other NHPs.
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