Cardiac arrest effectiveness trials have traditionally reported outcomes that focus on survival. A lack of consistency in outcome reporting between trials limits the opportunities to pool results for meta-analysis. The COSCA initiative (Core Outcome Set for Cardiac Arrest), a partnership between patients, their partners, clinicians, research scientists, and the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation, sought to develop a consensus core outcome set for cardiac arrest for effectiveness trials. Core outcome sets are primarily intended for large, randomized clinical effectiveness trials (sometimes referred to as or) rather than for pilot or efficacy studies. A systematic review of the literature combined with qualitative interviews among cardiac arrest survivors was used to generate a list of potential outcome domains. This list was prioritized through a Delphi process, which involved clinicians, patients, and their relatives/partners. An international advisory panel narrowed these down to 3 core domains by debate that led to consensus. The writing group refined recommendations for when these outcomes should be measured and further characterized relevant measurement tools. Consensus emerged that a core outcome set for reporting on effectiveness studies of cardiac arrest (COSCA) in adults should include survival, neurological function, and health-related quality of life. This should be reported as survival status and modified Rankin scale score at hospital discharge, at 30 days, or both. Health-related quality of life should be measured with ≥1 tools from Health Utilities Index version 3, Short-Form 36-Item Health Survey, and EuroQol 5D-5L at 90 days and at periodic intervals up to 1 year after cardiac arrest, if resources allow.
Cardiac arrest effectiveness trials have traditionally reported outcomes that focus on survival. A lack of consistency in outcome reporting between trials limits the opportunities to pool results for meta-analysis. The COSCA initiative (Core Outcome Set for Cardiac Arrest), a partnership between patients, their partners, clinicians, research scientists, and the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation, sought to develop a consensus core outcome set for cardiac arrest for effectiveness trials. Core outcome sets are primarily intended for large, randomised clinical effectiveness trials (sometimes referred to as pragmatic trials or phase III/IV trials) rather than for pilot or efficacy studies. A systematic review of the literature combined with qualitative interviews among cardiac arrest survivors was used to generate a list of potential outcome domains. This list was prioritised through a Delphi process, which involved clinicians, patients, and their relatives/partners. An international advisory panel narrowed these down to 3 core domains by debate that led to consensus. The writing group refined recommendations for when these outcomes should be measured and further characterised relevant measurement tools. Consensus emerged that a core outcome set for reporting on effectiveness studies of cardiac arrest (COSCA) in adults should include survival, neurological function, and health-related quality of life. This should be reported as survival status and modified Rankin scale score at hospital discharge, at 30 days, or both. Health-related quality of life should be measured with ≥1 tools from Health Utilities Index version 3, Short-Form 36-Item Health Survey, and EuroQol 5D-5L at 90 days and at periodic intervals up to 1 year after cardiac arrest, if resources allow. © 2018 European Resuscitation Council and American Heart Association, Inc. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Age-specific mortality rates in isogenic populations of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans increase exponentially throughout life. In genetically heterogeneous populations, age-specific mortality increases exponentially until about 17 days and then remains constant until the last death occurs at about 60 days. This period of constant age-specific mortality results from genetic heterogeneity. Subpopulations differ in mean life-span, but they all exhibit near exponential, albeit different, rates of increase in age-specific mortality. Thus, much of the observed heterogeneity in mortality rates later in life could result from genetic heterogeneity and not from an inherent effect of aging.
SUMMARY Fluorescein iris angiography and fluorophotometry were performed on a series of 9 patients with bilateral and 11 with unilateral pseudoexfoliation, 12 bilateral aphakes with pseudoexfoliation, and 7 unilateral aphakes with bilateral pseudoexfoliation. Angiography showed a loss of radial iris vessels, a heavy leak of fluorescein from the pupil margin, progressive neovascularisation of the outer 2/3 of the iris, and less constantly a network of fine new vessels in the inner '/3 of the iris stroma. These changes were absent in unaffected eyes. After cataract extraction there seemed to be a definite lessening of fluorescein leak from the pupil margin. Fluorophotometry showed a much higher fluorescein concentration at the anterior focus in eyes with pseudoexfoliation than in normal controls or in fellow unaffected eyes. There was a much smaller rise in fluorescein concentration at the posterior focus in a minority of affected eyes. The ranges of fluorescein concentrations at the anterior focus in both phakic and aphakic patients with bilateral pseudoexfoliation did not differ significantly. The concentration at the anterior focus of unilateral aphakes with bilateral pseudoexfoliation was lower than in the fellow phakic eye. These findings suggest that the neovascular reaction seen in pseudoexfoliation is associated with patchy occlusion of the normal iris vasculature, occurs in the anterior segment of the eye, and does not continue to progress after removal of the lens.It is still not clear how the condition of pseudoexfoliation (PXF) of the lens capsule develops. The material appears to be an amyloid-like substance with fibrils embedded in a ground substance, which appears at a variety of ocular and extraocular sites.'" The vascular changes described by Vannas"2 13 are very marked, and their relationship to the pseudoexfoliative process is of particular interest.Accordingly we have re-examined these vascular changes and also measured the leakage of fluorescein in a group of patients in order to determine whether there is any evidence of (1) vascular changes or increased fluorescein leakage occurring in the clinically unaffected fellow eye in patients with unilateral PXF; (2) increased fluorescein leakage in the posterior segment of affected eyes, with heavy leakage in the anterior segment; (3) change in the pattern of the vascular reaction and in the fluorescein leakage following cataract extraction in affected eyes.
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