Our results support the assumption that female and male adolescents develop in different directions regarding their pain tolerance when reaching puberty. This seems mainly attributable to a decrease of pain threshold in girls. In contrast, boys and girls are able to endure pain to an equal extent influenced, however, by self-efficacy and coping variables.
Sex differences in pain perception have been reported in an expanding literature based on adult samples in epidemiological as well as laboratory studies. Especially with respect to the latter, studies with children and adolescents do not consistently show that females report higher pain ratings and display lower pain tolerance than males. The first aim of the presented studies is to comparably examine sex differences in children and adolescents based on experimental and questionnaire approach indices of pain perception. The second aim is to examine the contribution of three prominent psychosocial factors (gender-role expectations, coping with pain, and pain self-efficacy) to these sex differences. In Study 1, a total of 118 children and adolescents from grades 5 to 9 were tested with the Cold Pressor Task (CPT) and a Pain Perception Questionnaire. In Study 2, 148 participants additionally reported on their gender-role expectations, coping with pain, and pain self-efficacy. Although the results reveal only medium-sized correlations between the CPT and the questionnaire measures, both measures indicate substantial sex differences in pain perception in both studies. In Study 2, sex differences are also present for masculinity, femininity, catastrophizing as well as pain self-efficacy. However, while the relation between sex and the CPT rating is partially mediated by pain self-efficacy, catastrophizing partially mediates the relation between sex and the questionnaire based pain ratings. The results of both studies are discussed with respect to the difference between experimental assessments of pain perception and assessments by questionnaire in children and adolescents.
This article presents results of a two-wave panel study with a one-year interval between two time points. The main aim was to examine the reciprocal relationship between parenting stress and reports on problem behavior based on cross-lagged structural equation models. At both time points, adolescents (M = 12.51 years on the first time point) and their mothers reported on internalizing and externalizing problem behavior of the adolescents. Additionally, mothers reported on their parenting stress. Independent of grade, mothers of boys report more parenting stress than mothers of girls. Maternal reports on problem behavior are lower than adolescents' self-reports and both reports are correlated with maternal parenting stress. The results of the cross-lagged model comparisons indicate a unidirectional relation between parenting stress and proxy-reports/cross-informant discrepancies regarding adolescent problem behavior: parenting stress appears to be a predictor of proxy reports/cross-informant discrepancies but not vice versa. The results are discussed in terms of a meaningfulness of cross-informant discrepancies.
Zusammenfassung. In dieser Studie geht es um geschlechtstypische Unterschiede bei der Nutzung von Bewältigungsstrategien in der frühen Adoleszenz. Neben den Angaben zur Nutzung der Strategien wird zusätzlich berücksichtigt, in welchem Ausmaß Geschlechtsunterschiede von den Jugendlichen erwartet werden. Die Angaben zur Nutzung von Bewältigungsstrategien sowie das Ausmaß der Geschlechtsrollenkonformität der Erwartungen werden zu Anpassungsproblemen in Bezug gesetzt. An der Studie nahmen 260 Jugendliche mit einem Durchschnittsalter von 13.7 Jahren (SD = 1.9) teil. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass nur bei wenigen Bewältigungsstrategien Geschlechtsunterschiede hinsichtlich ihrer Nutzung bestehen, während bei wesentlich mehr Bewältigungsstrategien Nutzungsunterschiede erwartet werden. Vor allem als maladaptiv klassifizierte Bewältigungsstrategien stehen in beiden Geschlechtsgruppen mit erhöhten emotionalen und verhaltensbezogenen Anpassungsproblemen im Zusammenhang. Als adaptiv klassifizierte Bewältigungsstrategien sind weiterhin bei Jungen mit geringeren emotionalen Problemen assoziiert. Bei Mädchen finden sich weiterhin Bezüge zur Suche nach sozialer Unterstützung. Es zeigt sich weiterhin, dass mit geschlechtsrollenkonformen Erwartungen zum Einsatz von Bewältigungsstrategien eine weitere Varianzaufklärung bei Anpassungsproblemen erreicht werden kann. Dies gilt jedoch nur für Mädchen und kann möglicherweise durch die Wirkung von Geschlechtsrollenstereotypen erklärt werden, die sich sowohl auf die Angaben zu den Bewältigungsstrategien als auch auf die Angaben zu Anpassungsproblemen auswirken und dadurch gemeinsame Varianz erzeugen.
The results show, that dysplastic hip joints of newborn infants show a rapid maturation under therapy. Initial treatment with an abduction harness can improve decentered D/IIIa-hips.
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