Patients who have chronic HIV infection and are receiving suppressive ART display intestinal dysbiosis associated with increased microbial translocation and significant associations between specific taxa and markers of microbial translocation and systemic inflammation. This was an exploratory study, the findings of which need to be confirmed.

Background: Observational studies suggest an inverse association between whole-grain (WG) consumption and inflammation. However, evidence from interventional studies is limited, and few studies have included measurements of cell-mediated immunity. Objective: We assessed the effects of diets rich in WGs compared with refined grains (RGs) on immune and inflammatory responses, gut microbiota, and microbial products in healthy adults while maintaining subject body weights. Design: After a 2-wk provided-food run-in period of consuming a Western-style diet, 49 men and 32 postmenopausal women [age range: 40-65 y, body mass index (in kg/m 2 ) ,35] were assigned to consume 1 of 2 provided-food weight-maintenance diets for 6 wk. Results: Compared with the RG group, the WG group had increased plasma total alkyresorcinols (a measure of WG intake) (P , 0.0001), stool weight (P , 0.0001), stool frequency (P = 0.02), and shortchain fatty acid (SCFA) producer Lachnospira [false-discovery rate (FDR)-corrected P = 0.25] but decreased pro-inflammatory Enterobacteriaceae (FDR-corrected P = 0.25). Changes in stool acetate (P = 0.02) and total SCFAs (P = 0.05) were higher in the WG group than in the RG group. A positive association was shown between Lachnospira and acetate (FDR-corrected P = 0.002) or butyrate (FDR-corrected P = 0.005). We also showed that there was a higher percentage of terminal effector memory T cells (P = 0.03) and LPS-stimulated ex vivo production of tumor necrosis factor-a (P = 0.04) in the WG group than in the RG group, which were positively associated with plasma alkylresorcinol concentrations. Conclusion: The short-term consumption of WGs in a weightmaintenance diet increases stool weight and frequency and has modest positive effects on gut microbiota, SCFAs, effector memory T cells, and the acute innate immune response and no effect on other markers of cell-mediated immunity or systemic and gut inflammation. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01902394.Am J Clin Nutr 2017;105:635-50.

The most devastating aspect of cancer is the emergence of metastases. Thus, identification of potentially metastatic cells among a tumor cell population and the underlying molecular changes that switch cells to a metastatic state are among the most important issues in cancer biology. Here we show that, although normal human colonic epithelial cells lack the glycosphingolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), this molecule is highly expressed in metastatic colon cancer. In addition, a subpopulation of cells that are greatly enriched in Gb3 and have an invasive phenotype was identified in human colon cancer cell lines. In epithelial cells in culture, Gb3 was necessary and sufficient for cell invasiveness. Transfection of Gb3 synthase, resulting in Gb3 expression in noncancerous polarized epithelial cells lacking endogenous Gb3, induced cell invasiveness. metastases ͉ invasion ͉ filopodia C olorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in the U.S. (1, 2). The high mortality associated with colorectal cancer is related to its ability to spread beyond the large intestine and to invade distant organs. One route to improve understanding of the molecular mechanisms of metastasis is by the identification of genes that are differently expressed during cancer progression and͞or are responsible for acquisition of the metastatic phenotype. Although many molecular factors have been identified as contributing to metastases and represent potential targets for treatment (3), much remains to be learned about the biology of the metastatic process. Aberrant glycosylation, which has been observed in essentially all types of human cancers during cancer progression into the metastatic stage, is an example of a metastases-related

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