Box 228, Reading RG6 ZAJ, UK On the basis of enzyme assays, myo-inositol appears to be catabolized via 2-keto-myo-inositol and ~-2,3-diketo-4-deoxy epi-inositol in Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae, as occurs in Klebsiella aerogenes. The first two enzymes of the pathway, myo-inositol dehydrogenase and 2-keto-myo-inositol dehydratase were increased 7-and 77-fold, respectively, after growth of R. leguminosarum on myo-inositol compared to glucose. Cells of R. leguminosarum grown on glucose as the carbon source and then resuspended in myo-inositol, increased myo-inositol-dependent 0, consumption by sixfold in 3 h, confirming this to be an inducible pathway. Succinate, malate and glucose exhibited strong catabolite repression of the myo-inositol catabolic pathway with myo-inositol dehydrogenase and 2-keto-myo-inositol dehydratase being repressed by a t least 68% and 8O%, respectively, in all cases. A dicarboxylate transport mutant (dctA) was unable to repress either enzyme when grown on myo-inositol and succinate. There was no repression of the first two enzymes of the myo-inositol catabolic pathway in the background of constitutive expression of the dicarboxylate transport system, indicating a dicarboxylate must be present to cause repression. The data imply that dicarboxylates are required intra-cellularly to repress these enzymes. Three transposon mutants were isolated that cannot grow on myo-inositol as the sole carbon source and were unable to induce either myo-inositol dehydrogenase or 2-keto-myo-inositol dehydratase. The mutants were unaffected in the ability to nodulate peas and vetch. Furthermore, vetch plants infected with one mutant (RU360) reduced acetylene a t the same rate as plants infected with the wild type. Bacteroids did not oxidize myo-inositol, nor were the catabolic enzymes detected, confirming myo-inositol is not important as an energy source in bacteroids. The possible role of myo-inositol in the rhizosphere is considered.
Youth involvement in substance abuse can be a source of considerable distress for their parents. Unilateral family interventions have been advocated as one means by which concerned family members can be supported to assist substance‐abusing family members. To date there has been little research examining the impact of unilateral family interventions on the directly participating family members. In this study the early impact of an 8‐week parent‐group programme known as Behavioural Exchange Systems Training (BEST) was evaluated using a quasi‐experimental, waiting list control design. The professionally led programme had been developed to support and assist parents in their efforts to cope with adolescent substance abuse. Subjects were 66 parents (48 families) accepted for entry into the programme between 1997 and 1998. Comparison was made between 46 parents offered immediate entry into the programme and 20 parents whose entry to the programme was delayed by an 8‐week waiting list. At the first assessment 87% of parents showed elevated mental health symptoms on the General Health Questionnaire. Evidence suggested exposure to the intervention had a positive impact on parents. Compared to parents on the waiting list, parents entered immediately into the intervention demonstrated greater reductions in mental health symptoms, increased parental satisfaction, and increased use of assertive parenting behaviours. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parents are challenged in the adolescent years by attempts to increase adolescent responsibility while also managing separation issues. Adolescent drug use can exacerbate parental concerns. Parental fears and anxieties surrounding adolescent drug use can undermine opportunities to respond effectively. This paper describes the theoretical rationale for, and early experience of delivering, a brief intervention program designed to assist parents coping with adolescent drug problems. The program emerges out of a hybrid of systems and behaviour therapy principles and has been designed to address issues associated with parenting characterised by a high level of emotional involvement and/or ineffective parental control. Group work encouraging more adolescent responsibility-taking can assist parents disabled by feelings of guilt and failure. As parents develop emotional independence from adolescent behaviour, an appropriate expectation for adolescent control is established.
This paper reports family changes for participants in a program for parents coping with youth substance abuse. The Behavioural Exchange Systems Training (BEST) program is a professionally‐led, parent training intervention. During 1996 and 1997, six groups of parents participated in the program. High levels of depression were observed at intake, and symptoms demonstrated a stable reduction in association with exposure to the program. Parents tended to achieve success in developing common strategies for assertively managing family problems, though couples from more complex blended families found this more difficult. Adolescent improvements were noted during the weeks observed. A two‐year follow‐up conducted with a subset of families revealed that parents continued to report that the intervention had helped them cope with youth drug abuse.
junior level has changed for the worse with more cross cover; and the DHSS has saved a lot of money. It has been said that certain junior hospital doctors have "refused to be pushed around." In retrospect, however, it appears to me that their "quick ring rounds" to decide important aspects of hospital medicine staffing has enabled the government to run "quick rings around" people who cannot be pushed around. In retrospect the end result could, with a minimum of paranoia, be interpreted as a triumph of governmental manipulation.
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