Much of the mystery of pathogenesis of animal virus disease lies in the realm of specificity of virus effect on cell type and in the differing effect of a given virus on different hosts. Tissue culture, despite its great contributions to other aspects of cytopathology, has not so far furnished significant clues to these basic problems. We have recently found that an acute virus disease of mice, mouse hepatitis," 2 has a selective destructive effect for cells derived from the reticulo-endothelial system (macrophages) and that the apparent genetic difference in susceptibility of different strains of mice is reflected in the behavior of macrophages from these strains in tissue culture. Tests of hybrids resulting from crosses between resistant and susceptible strains indicate that susceptibility is inherited and that genetic segregation of susceptibility and resistance occurs in the F2 and backeross generations.Materials and Methods.-The macrophages were obtained by explanting fragments of liver from newborn (1-3 days old) mice into roller tubes either directly onto the glass or onto a reconstituted collagen substrate.3' 4 The collagen was prepared according to the method of Ehrmann and Gey by extraction of 0.1 per cent acetic acid, dialysis against distilled water, and reconstitution to an agar-like slant with ammonium hydroxide vapors. The supernatant medium, except in otherwise specified cases; consisted of 60 per cent Gey's balanced salt solution, 10 per cent chick embryo extract (50 per cent), and 30 per cent horse serum (obtained from Microbiological Associates), with 0.004 per cent phenol red, 100 units of penicillin, and 10 micrograms of streptomycin. In some experiments, as designated in the text, chicken serum or a combination of chicken serum and horse serum was used. The chicken serum was obtained from White Leghorns kept for routine bleeding in our laboratory. The cultures were incubated in a roller drum and maintained in this manner at 370C throughout the experiments.The cultures were inoculated with the virus three to four days following explantation. The medium was renewed every two to three days until the end of the particular experiment. Supernatant fluids were frozen at -40'C and reserved for titration in mice. The cells were observed directly in the roller tube and their

With broadening indications, more options for hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) and improvement in survival, the number of long-term HCT survivors is expected to increase steadily. Infertility is a frequent problem that long-term HCT survivors and their partners face and it can negatively impact on the quality of life. The most optimal time to address fertility issues is before the onset of therapy for the underlying disease; however, fertility preservation should also be addressed before HCT in all children and patients of reproductive age, with referral to a reproductive specialist for patients interested in fertility preservation. In vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo cryopreservation, oocyte cryopreservation and ovarian tissue banking are acceptable methods for fertility preservation in adult women/pubertal females. Sperm banking is the preferred method for adult men/pubertal males. Frequent barriers to fertility preservation in HCT recipients may include the perception of lack of time to preserve fertility given an urgency to move ahead with transplant, lack of patient–physician discussion because of several factors (for example, time constraints, lack of knowledge), inadequate access to reproductive specialists, and costs and lack of insurance coverage for fertility preservation. There is a need to raise awareness in the medical community about fertility preservation in HCT recipients.

PURPOSE AREN0321 evaluated the activity of vincristine and irinotecan (VI) in patients with newly diagnosed diffuse anaplastic Wilms tumor (DAWT) and whether a regimen containing carboplatin (regimen UH1) in addition to regimen I agents used in the National Wilms Tumor Study 5 (NWTS-5; vincristine, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, and etoposide plus radiotherapy) would improve patient outcomes. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with stage II to IV DAWT without measurable disease received regimen UH1. Patients with stage IV measurable disease were eligible to receive VI (vincristine, 1.5 mg/m2 per day intravenously on days 1 and 8; irinotecan, 20 mg/m2 per day intravenously on days 1-5 and 8-12 of a 21-day cycle) in an upfront window; those with complete (CR) or partial response (PR) had VI incorporated into regimen UH1 (regimen UH2). The study was designed to detect improvement in outcomes of patients with stage II to IV DAWT compared with historical controls treated with regimen I. RESULTS Sixty-six eligible patients were enrolled. Of 14 patients with stage IV measurable disease who received VI, 11 (79%) achieved CR (n = 1) or PR (n = 10) after 2 cycles. Doses of doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, and etoposide were reduced midstudy because of nonhematologic toxicity. Four patients (6%) died as a result of toxicity. Four-year event-free survival, relapse-free survival, and overall survival rates were 67.7% (95% CI, 55.9% to 79.4%), 72.9% (95% CI, 61.5% to 84.4%), and 73.7% (95% CI, 62.7% to 84.8%), respectively, compared with 57.5% (95% CI, 47.6% to 67.4%; P = .26), 57.5% (95% CI, 47.6% to 67.4%; P = .048), and 59.2% (95% CI, 49.4% to 69.0%; P = .08), respectively, in NWTS-5. CONCLUSION VI produced a high response rate in patients with metastatic DAWT. AREN0321 treatment seemed to improve outcomes for patients with stage II to IV DAWT compared with NWTS-5, but with increased toxicity. The UH2 regimen warrants further investigation with modifications to reduce toxicity.

Childhood autologous hematopoietic cell transplant (AHCT) survivors can be at risk for secondary malignant neoplasms (SMNs). We assembled a cohort of 1,487 pediatric AHCT recipients to investigate the incidence and risk factors for SMNs. Primary diagnoses included neuroblastoma (39%), lymphoma (26%), sarcoma (18%), CNS tumors (14%), and Wilms tumor (2%). Median follow-up was 8 years (range, <1–21 years). SMNs were reported in 35 patients (AML/MDS=13, solid cancers=20, subtype missing=2). The overall cumulative incidence of SMNs at 10 years from AHCT was 2.60% (AML/MDS=1.06%, solid tumors=1.30%). We found no association between SMNs risk and age, gender, diagnosis, disease status, time since diagnosis, or use of total body irradiation or etoposide as part of conditioning. Overall survival at 5-years from diagnosis of SMNs was 33% (95% CI, 16–52%). When compared to age- and gender-matched general population, AHCT recipients had 24 times higher risks of developing SMNs (95% CI, 16.0–33.0). Notable SMN sites included bone (N=5 SMNs, observed (O)/expected (E)=81), thyroid (N=5, O/E=53), breast (n=2, O/E=93), soft tissue (N=2, O/E=34), AML (N=6, O/E=266), and MDS (N=7, O/E=6603). Risks of SMNs increased with longer follow-up from AHCT. Pediatric AHCT recipients are at considerably increased risk for SMNs and need life-long surveillance for SMNs.

Since Wilms' tumor occurs rarely in adults, there are no standard treatments available. Most adult patients will be diagnosed unexpectedly following nephrectomy for presumed renal cell carcinoma. Outcome for adults is inferior compared with children, although better results are reported when treated within pediatric trials. Multiple factors, including the unfamiliarity of adult oncologists and pathologists with Wilms' tumors, lack of standardized treatment and consequent delays in initiating the appropriate risk-adapted therapy, may contribute to the poor outcome. A standardized approach for the management of adult Wilms' tumors is proposed with the aim to limit treatment delay after surgery and encourage a uniform approach for this rare disease and thereby improve survival. These recommendations are based on discussions held with representatives of the renal tumor committees of the Society of Paediatric Oncology and Children's Oncology Group, and have been updated with a review of more recently published institutional and trial experience of adults treated on pediatric protocols. They provide a critical evaluation of the current evidence for the management of adult Wilms' tumors and propose details of how current pediatric therapeutic guidelines could be adapted for use in adults.

Background A primary objective of Children's Oncology Group study AREN0534 (Treatment for Patients With Multicentric or Bilaterally Predisposed, Unilateral Wilms Tumor) was to facilitate partial nephrectomy in 25% of children with bilaterally predisposed unilateral tumors (Wilms tumor/aniridia/genitourinary anomalies/range of developmental delays [WAGR] syndrome; and multifocal and overgrowth syndromes). The purpose of this prospective study was to achieve excellent event‐free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) while preserving renal tissue through preoperative chemotherapy, completing definitive surgery by 12 weeks from diagnosis, and modifying postoperative chemotherapy based on histologic response. Methods The treating institution identified whether a predisposition syndrome existed. Patients underwent a central review of imaging studies through the biology and classification study AREN03B2 and then were eligible to enroll on AREN0534. Patients were treated with induction chemotherapy determined by localized or metastatic disease on imaging (and histology if a biopsy had been undertaken). Surgery was based on radiographic response at 6 or 12 weeks. Further chemotherapy was determined by histology. Patients who had stage III or IV disease with favorable histology received radiotherapy as well as those who had stage I through IV anaplasia. Results In total, 34 patients were evaluable, including 13 males and 21 females with a mean age at diagnosis of 2.79 years (range, 0.49‐8.78 years). The median follow‐up was 4.49 years (range, 1.67‐8.01 years). The underlying diagnosis included Beckwith‐Wiedemann syndrome in 9 patients, hemihypertrophy in 9 patients, multicentric tumors in 10 patients, WAGR syndrome in 2 patients, a solitary kidney in 2 patients, Denys‐Drash syndrome in 1 patient, and Simpson‐Golabi‐Behmel syndrome in 1 patient. The 4‐year EFS and OS rates were 94% (95% CI, 85.2%‐100%) and 100%, respectively. Two patients relapsed (1 tumor bed, 1 abdomen), and none had disease progression during induction. According to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumor 1.1 criteria, radiographic responses included a complete response in 2 patients, a partial response in 21 patients, stable disease in 11 patients, and progressive disease in 0 patients. Posttherapy histologic classification was low‐risk in 13 patients (including the 2 complete responders), intermediate‐risk in 15 patients, and high‐risk in 6 patients (1 focal anaplasia and 5 blastemal subtype). Prenephrectomy chemotherapy facilitated renal preservation in 22 of 34 patients (65%). Conclusions A standardized approach of preoperative chemotherapy, surgical resection within 12 weeks, and histology‐based postoperative chemotherapy results in excellent EFS, OS, and preservation of renal parenchyma.

Preservation of fertility after hematopoietic-cell transplantation (HCT) can have a significant influence on the quality of life of transplant survivors. We describe 178 pregnancies in HCT recipients that were reported to the CIBMTR between 2002 and 2007. There were 83 pregnancies in female HCT recipients and 95 pregnancies in female partners of male HCT recipients. Indications for transplantation included hematologic and other malignancies (N=99) and non-malignant disorders (N=79, of which 75 patients had severe aplastic anemia). The cohort included recipients of autologous HCT (20 women, 13 men), myeloablative allogeneic HCT (12 women, 50 men) and non-myeloablative allogeneic HCT (2 women, 2 men). Age at HCT was <20 years for 50% of women and 19% of men. Conditioning regimens included total body irradiation (TBI) in 16% of women and 19% of men; doses were myeloablative in 10% of women and in 16% of men. Live births were reported in 86% of pregnancies in partners of male transplant patients and 85% of pregnancies in female transplant patients, with most pregnancies occurring 5-10 years after HCT. We conclude that some HCT recipients can retain fertility, including patients who have received TBI and/or myeloablative conditioning. Young patients undergoing HCT should be counseled both before and after HCT about potential loss of fertility, methods for preserving fertility and planning for future pregnancy. Fertility and outcomes of pregnancy after HCT need prospective evaluation in large transplant cohorts.

We analyzed the outcomes of patients who survived disease-free for 1-year or more following second allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) for relapsed acute leukemia or myelodysplastic syndromes between 1980 and 2009. A total of 1285 patients received a second allogeneic transplant following disease relapse; among these 325 survived relapse-free at 1-year after the second HCT. The median time from first to second HCT was 17 and 24 months for children and adults, respectively. A myeloablative preparative regimen was used in the second transplant in 62% of children and 45% of adult patients. The overall 10-year conditional survival rates after second transplantation in this cohort of patients who had survived disease-free for at least one year were 55% in children and 39% in adults. Relapse was the leading cause of mortality (77% and 54% of deaths in children and adults, respectively). In multivariate analyses, only disease status prior to second HCT was significantly associated with higher risk for overall mortality (HR 1.71 for patients with disease not in complete remission prior to second HCT, P<0.01). Chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) developed in 43% and 75% of children and adults following second transplant. Chronic GVHD was the leading cause of non-relapse mortality followed by organ failure and infection. The cumulative incidence of developing at least one of the studied late effects at 10-years after second HCT was 63% in children and 55% in adults. The most frequent late effects in children were growth disturbance (10-year cumulative incidence 22%) and cataracts (20%), and in adults were cataracts (20%) and avascular necrosis (13%). Among patients with acute leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes who receive a second allogeneic HCT for relapse and survive disease-free for at least 1-year, many can be expected to survive long term. However, they continue to be at risk for relapse and non-relapse morbidity and mortality. Novel approaches are needed to minimize relapse risk and long-term transplant morbidity in this population.