The genomes of local livestock could shed light on their genetic history, mechanisms of adaptations to environments and unique genetics. Herein we look into the genetics and adaptations of the Russian native dairy Yaroslavl cattle breed using 22 resequenced individuals and comparing them with two related breeds (Russian Kholmogory and Holstein), and to the taurine set of the 1000 Bull Genomes Project (Run 9). HapFLK analysis with Kholmogory
The search for new markers of high productivity of sheep and the introduction of evaluation and selection methods for these indicators is an urgent direction in breeding of Russian sheep. The material for the research was the results of assessment of exterior, live weight of Romanov sheep. Genetic studies were carried out using tissue samples (ear plucking). Polymorphism of growth hormone gene in Romanov sheep was evaluated by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and polymerase chain reaction. Evaluation of polymorphism of growth hormone gene in the population of Romanov sheep showed the presence of three allelic variants - AA, AB and BB, with a frequency of 0.24, 0.63 and 0.14, respectively. The statistically significant difference between the indicators of live weight in animals with genotypes GHAB and GHAA, GHAB and GHBB was: at birth 210 g and 140 g (P 0.95), respectively; at weaning 350 g and 1260 g (P 0.95), respectively. The phenotypic variability of live weight was the highest at birth and at weaning and amounted to 31.732.5 % for all genotypes. Animals with genotypes GHAA and GHAB outperformed their peers with genotype GHBB in dimensions of rump width in tuber coxae, rump width in tuber trochanterica, chest width, chest circumference, and therefore, had a wide body. When studying the phenotypic and genetic correlations of measurements of exterior and live weight at the age of 12 months, a reliable positive relationship was established with height at withers height (rP = +0.13*; rG = +0.02), rump height (rP = +0.14**; rG = +0.03), rump length (rP = +0.14**; rG = +0.02). The new knowledge gained about polymorphism of GH gene and its relationship with productive traits of Romanov sheep will allow for in-depth evaluation, targeted selection and selection of individuals with desirable genotypes.
В статье представлены исследования по мониторингу селекционно-генетических параметров продуктивных признаков молочного скота Ярославской области с 2015 по 2020 год. При выполнении работы использовались данные по 13 племенным стадам региона. Объектом исследования послужили коровы-первотелки айрширской (n=750) и голштинской (n=2632) пород, а также ярославской породы и ее помеси с голштинской (n=10998). Анализ динамики показателей молочной продуктивности микропопуляций крупного рогатого скота выявил стабильное повышение надоев, которое в среднем составляет: в голштинской породе 3,0%, в айрширской — 3,1%, в ярославской — 3,1%. При изучении фенотипической изменчивости продуктивных признаков установлена наименьшая вариабельность в популяции айрширского скота, обусловленная более жестким отбором и меньшим ареалом. В целом, по популяции молочного скота Ярославской области выявлены низкий и средний показатели наследуемости продуктивных признаков: по надою — 0,10—0,38, по массовой доле жира — 0,10—0,25, по массовой доле белка — 0,14—0,37. Установлено, что из паратипических факторов наибольшую степень влияния на изменчивость показателей надоя (кг), массовой доли жира (%) и массовой доли белка (%) по 1 лактации у животных голштинской и ярославской пород оказал эффект «технология» — от 65,7% до 88,9%. На продуктивность первотелок айрширской породы максимально повлиял эффект «живая масса при первом отеле» — 18,1%, на массовую долю жира и белка — «сезон отела» — 32,9% и 28,9% соответственно. Полученные результаты будут использованы для разработки системы породного районирования крупного рогатого скота Ярославской области. The paper presents studies on monitoring of breeding and genetic parameters of productive traits of dairy cattle of the Yaroslavl region for the period from 2015 to 2020. Information of 13 breeding herds of the region were analyzed. Data collection was carried out using the program «SELEX. Dairy cattle». The object of the study was the first-calf cows of Ayrshire (n=750), Holstein (n=2632), Yaroslavl breed and its crossbreeds with Holstein (n=10998), the total number of animals studied was 14380 heads. As a result of the analysis of the dynamics of indicators of dairy productivity of micropopulations of cattle of the Yaroslavl region from 2015 to 2020, a stable increase in milk yields was revealed, which on average amounts to: Holstein breed by 3.0%; Ayrshire breed by 3.1%; Yaroslavl by 3.1%. When studying the phenotypic variability of productive traits, the lowest variability in the population of Ayrshire cattle was established, due to rigorous selection process and a smaller area. In general, the population of dairy cattle of the Yaroslavl region revealed a low and average heritability of productive traits: milk yield - 0.10—0.38; fat — 0.10—0.25; protein — 0.14—0.37. It was found that of the environmental factors, the "technology" effect from 65.7% to 88.9% had the greatest degree of influence on the variability of the indicators of milk yield (kg), fat (%) and the protein (%) after the first lactation in the Holstein and Yaroslavl breeds. The effect of «live weight at 1 calving» — 18.1%, on the fat and protein — «calving season», 32.9% and 28.9%, respectively, affected the milk yield of the first heifers of the Ayrshire breed as much as possible. The results obtained will be used to develop a dairy cattle breeding system in the Yaroslavl region.
The article describes a model for estimating the genotype of cattle developed and tested on actual livestock. The model is a selection index that takes into account the live weight of young animals aged 6 and 9 months. The average and high correlation between the indicators of live weight of young animals aged 6 and 9 months, lim rP 0.49…0.63 end rG 0.38…0.58. The Accuracy of genotype estimation (RJH) using the developed model is 0.57…0.66. The expected genetic improvement in live weight when using the index was 1.29…2.40 kg at the age of 6 months and 0.94…2.20 kg at the age of 9 months. The model allows for an early assessment of the breeding value of young animals aged 6-9 months at the level of short-term breeding programs for dairy cattle herds. In conjunction with the index assessment of ancestral indicators, it can be used in the formation of elite groups of young animals.
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