Kratak sadr`aj: Neuroendokrini tumori (NETs) jesu heterogena grupa neoplazmi poreklom iz endokrinih }elija, koje odlikuju prisustvo sekretornih granula i sposobnost produkcije biogenih amina i polipeptidnih hormona. Ovi tumori poti ~u od endokrinih `lezda kao {to su adrenalna medula, hipofiza i paratiroide, kao i endokrinih insula u okviru tiroide ili pankreasa i raspr{enih endokrinih }elija u respiratornom ili gastrointestinalnom traktu. Klini~ko pona{anje NETs varira u znatnoj meri. Oni mogu biti funkcionalni ili nefunkcionalni, kao i spororastu}i (uspe{no diferentovani NETs), koji ~ine ve}inu, ili veoma agresivni i vrlo zlo}udni tumori (nedovoljno diferentovani NETs). NETs gastrointestinalnog trakta obi~no se dele na dve glavne grupe: 1) karcinoide, i 2) endokrine tumore pankreasa (EPTs). Ve}ina neuroendokrinih tumora proizvodi i sekretuje peptidne hormone i amine. Neke od tih supstanci izazivaju specifi~ne klini~ke sindrome: karcinoidni, Zolinger-Elisonov, hiperglikemijski, glukagonom i VernerMo risonov. Specifi~ni markeri za te sindrome su bazalni i/ili stimulisani nivoi 5-HIAA u urinu, gastrina, insulina, glukagona i vazoaktivnog intestinalnog polipeptida u serumu ili plazmi. Neki karcinoidni tumori kao i otprilike tre}ina endokrinih tumora pankreasa ne daju nikakve klini~ke simptome i nazivaju se »nefunkcionalnim« tumorima. Stoga se uobi ~a -jeni tumorski markeri, poput hromogranina A, pankreasnog polipeptida, neuron-specifi~ne enolaze u serumu i podjedinica glikoproteinskih hormona, koriste za skrining kod pa cijenata bez jasnih klini~kih simptoma vezanih za hormo ne. Me u uobi~ajenim tumorskim markerima kao veoma osetljiv i specifi~an serumski marker za razli~ite tipove neuro endokrinih tumora pokazao se pankreasni polipeptid hro mogranin A, iako njegova funkcija jo{ nije ustanovljena. Razlog tome je {to mo`e biti povi{en i u mnogim slu~ajevima nedovoljno diferentovanih tumora neuroendokrinog porekla koji ne lu~e poznate hormone. Hromogranin A se u ovom trenutku smatra najboljim neuroendokrinim markerom u serumu ili plazmi koji je dostupan za dijagnozu i terapeutsku evaluaciju.
The Secret Life of Fat: What are Fat Cells Doing for the Regulation of MetabolismAdipose tissue has long been regarded as an organ the sole purpose of which was to store excess energy as triglycerides, and release energy as free fatty acids, which itself is an essential self-defense system for survival during starvation. This point of view has now changed, fat tissue has emerged as an endocrine and secretory organ affecting more than one metabolic pathway. Its major endocrine function is secreting several hormones, notably leptin and adiponectin. Also, adipose tissue releases adipo-kines involved in inflammation and hemostasis: growth factors (TNFα, transforming growth factor-beta, nerve growth factor, VEGF), cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10), chemokines (IL-8), acute-phase proteins (haptoglobin, serum amyloid A) and prothrombotic factor (plasminogen activator inhibitor-1). This review aims to present some of the recent topics of selected adipokine research that may be of particular importance.
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