Enzymes are attractive tools for synthetic applications. To be viable for industrial use, enzymes need sufficient stability towards the desired reaction conditions such as high substrate and cosolvent concentration, non‐neutral pH and elevated temperatures. Thermal stability is an attractive feature not only because it allows for protein purification by thermal treatment and higher process temperatures but also due to the associated higher stability against other destabilising factors. Therefore, high‐throughput screening (HTS) methods are desirable for the identification of thermostable biocatalysts by discovery from nature or by protein engineering but current methods have low throughput and require time‐demanding purification of protein samples. We found that nanoscale differential scanning fluorimetry (nanoDSF) is a valuable tool to rapidly and reliably determine melting points of native proteins. To avoid intrinsic problems posed by crude protein extracts, hypotonic extraction of overexpressed protein from bacterial host cells resulted in higher sample quality and accurate manual determination of several hundred melting temperatures per day. We have probed the use of nanoDSF for HTS of a phylogenetically diverse aldolase library to identify novel thermostable enzymes from metagenomic sources and for the rapid measurements of variants from saturation mutagenesis. The feasibility of nanoDSF for the screening of synthetic reaction conditions was proved by studies of cosolvent tolerance, which showed protein melting temperature to decrease linearly with increasing cosolvent concentration for all combinations of six enzymes and eight water‐miscible cosolvents investigated, and of substrate affinity, which showed stabilisation of hexokinase by sugars in the absence of ATP cofactor. Enzymes Alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP+) (http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/enzyme/EC1/1/1/2.html), transketolase (http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/enzyme/EC2/2/1/1.html), hexokinase (http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/enzyme/EC2/7/1/1.html), 2‐deoxyribose‐5‐phosphate aldolase (http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/enzyme/EC4/1/2/4.html), fructose‐6‐phosphate aldolase (http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/enzyme/EC4/1/2.html.n).

D-Fructose-6-phosphate aldolase (FSA) is a unique catalyst for asymmetric cross-aldol additions of glycolaldehyde. A combination of a structure-guided approach of saturation mutagenesis, site-directed mutagenesis, and computational modeling was applied to construct a set of FSA variants that improved the catalytic efficiency towards glycolaldehyde dimerization up to 1800-fold. A combination of mutations in positions L107, A129, and A165 provided a toolbox of FSA variants that expand the synthetic possibilities towards the preparation of aldose-like carbohydrate compounds. The new FSA variants were applied as highly efficient catalysts for cross-aldol additions of glycolaldehyde to N-carbobenzyloxyaminoaldehydes to furnish between 80-98 % aldol adduct under optimized reaction conditions. Donor competition experiments showed high selectivity for glycolaldehyde relative to dihydroxyacetone or hydroxyacetone. These results demonstrate the exceptional malleability of the active site in FSA, which can be remodeled to accept a wide spectrum of donor and acceptor substrates with high efficiency and selectivity.

The preparation of multifunctional chiral molecules can be greatly simplified by adopting a route via the sequential catalytic assembly of achiral building blocks. The catalytic aldol assembly of prebiotic compounds into stereodefined pentoses and hexoses is an as yet unmet challenge. Such a process would be of remarkable synthetic utility and highly significant with regard to the origin of life. Pursuing an expedient enzymatic approach, here we use engineered D-fructose-6-phosphate aldolase from Escherichia coli to prepare a series of three- to six-carbon aldoses by sequential one-pot additions of glycolaldehyde. Notably, the pertinent selection of the aldolase variant provides control of the sugar size. The stereochemical outcome of the addition was also altered to allow the synthesis of L-glucose and related derivatives. Such engineered biocatalysts may offer new routes for the straightforward synthesis of natural molecules and their analogues that circumvent the intricate enzymatic pathways forged by evolution.

No abstract

Application of aldolases for the asymmetric synthesis of multifunctional chiral products is hampered by their reputed strict nucleophile (=aldol donor) specificity owing to a mechanistic requirement for creating a carbanion nucleophile in aqueous medium. Here we report that a minimalist engineering can extensively broaden the substrate scope of native D-fructose-6-phosphate aldolase (FSA) from Escherichia coli, for which hydroxyacetone is the most proficient substrate, to accept an unprecedented wide variety of alternative nucleophiles. By single-or double-space-generating mutations using simple conservative Leu to Ala replacement of active site residues, we found enzyme variants to efficiently convert larger ketols and bioisosteric ether components with up to seven skeletal atoms, including linear and branched-chain structures. All reactions occurred with full retention of the natural D-threo diastereospecificity. These FSA variants open new avenues toward the synthesis of novel product families that hitherto were inaccessible by biological catalysis.

No abstract

No abstract

Class-I aldolases are known for efficiently catalyzing stereoselective aldol-addition reactions in bulk aqueous media, and considerable efforts are currently being devoted to engineer the enzyme in order to optimize its activity and stability, primarily by modulating the hydrophobicity of the catalytic active site. Here, we opt for a different strategy based on choosing a nanoconfined environment favorable to the enzyme. We report the observation of enhanced activity and stability of a class-I aldolase, d-fructose-6-phosphate aldolase from E. coli (FSA), when incorporated into lipidic cubic mesophases (LCMs), a class of biomimetic amphiphilic complex fluids employed in several nanotechnology applications. We infer that this improved in-meso performance is achieved by optimal location of the FSA in the LCMs, as a result of the known interaction between the residues of FSA and the glycerol moieties, which serve as the lipid head groups and thus locate along the amphiphilic interface encompassing the whole LCM. This continuous interface ensures increased accessibility of the catalytic reaction center to substrates and high activity in LCM.