This paper reports on a study that investigated the extent to which student behaviour is a concern for school teachers. A questionnaire was used to investigate teachers' views about student behaviour in their classes. The results suggest that low-level disruptive and disengaged student behaviours occur frequently and teachers find them difficult to manage. Aggressive and antisocial behaviours occur infrequently. Teachers employ strategies to manage unproductive behaviours that locate the problem with the student. This paper argues that teachers could benefit from understanding how the classroom ecology influences engagement and therefore student behaviour, rather than focusing on 'fixing' unproductive behaviour.

In this paper, we undertake a brief review of the 'conventional' research into the problems of early career teachers to create a juxtaposed position from which to launch an alternative approach based on resilience theory. We outline four reasons why a new contextualised, social theory of resilience has the potential to open up the field of research into the professional lives of teachers and to produce new insights into the social, cultural and political dynamics at work within and beyond schools. We then move from these theoretical considerations to explain how we used them in a recent Australian research project that examined the experiences of 60 graduate teachers during their first year of teaching. This work led to the development of a Framework of Conditions Supporting Early Career Teacher Resilience which we outline, promote and advocate as the basis for action to better sustain our graduate teachers in their first few years of teaching. Finally, we reflect on the value of our work so far and outline our practical plans to 'mobilise' this knowledge in ways that will make it available to a variety of audiences concerned with the welfare of this group of teachers.

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Objective To determine the rates of death and infection from HIV in India.Design Nationally representative survey of deaths.Setting 1.1 million homes in India.Population 123 000 deaths at all ages from 2001 to 2003.Main outcome measures HIV mortality and infection.Results HIV accounted for 8.1% (99% confidence interval 5.0% to 11.2%) of all deaths among adults aged 25-34 years. In this age group, about 40% of deaths from HIV were due to AIDS, 26% were due to tuberculosis, and the rest were attributable to other causes. Nationally, HIV infection accounted for about 100 000 (59 000 to 140 000) deaths or 3.2% (1.9% to 4.6%) of all deaths among people aged 15-59 years. Deaths from HIV were concentrated in the states and districts with higher HIV prevalence and in men. The mortality results imply an HIV prevalence at age 15-49 years of 0.26% (0.13% to 0.39%) in 2004, comparable to results from a 2005/6 household survey that tested for HIV (0.28%). Collectively, these data suggest that India had about 1.4-1.6 million HIV infected adults aged 15-49 years in 2004-6, about 40% lower than the official estimate of 2.3 million for 2006. All cause mortality increased in men aged 25-34 years between 1997 and 2002 in the states with higher HIV prevalence but declined after that. HIV prevalence in young pregnant women, a proxy measure of incidence in the general population, fell between 2000 and 2007. Thus, HIV mortality and prevalence may have fallen further since our study.Conclusion HIV attributable death and infection in India is substantial, although it is lower than previously estimated.

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) tend to cluster in geographically definable core areas, or risk spaces.(1-15) These core areas are often located in low socioeconomic status (SES) urban neighborhoods, (4,7,9,16,17) suggesting that socio-cultural determinants of health may influence the clustered spatial pattern observed for STIs.Several socio-cultural risk factors have been associated with gonorrhea in urban environments including individual level factors such as SES and community level (e.g. county or state) factors such as prevalence of infection,(18) % urbanicity,(19) neighborhood instability,(20) gender imbalance with more women than men, low social capital, (21,22) and high % Black or Hispanic.(5,23) For instance, low SES can impair timely access to STI services, thereby increasing the duration of infection and ultimately the prevalence of infection within a sexual network. Prevalence of an STI has a direct impact on the incidence of infection. As STI prevalence increases, the likelihood of finding a sexual partner that has an STI also increases. The power to negotiate the terms and conditions around sex is affected by both an imbalanced sex ratio, and the proportion of single parents in a Corresponding Author: Dionne Gesink, University of Toronto, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, 155 College St, 6 th Floor, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3M7, Canada, dionne.gesink@utoronto.ca,. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Rurality may influence STI transmission through the low density and availability of partners within a sexual network, as well as the culture and social norms around sex and relationships within a community. Rurality may also act as a proxy for low physician density, poor access to STI health services, or community racial/ethnic homogeneity and hence, partner STI prevalence. NIH Public AccessRace/ethnicity itself is not causally associated with STIs,(27) however, it can provide strong predictive power of STI risk.(28-33) For instance, in North Carolina, racial/ethnic differences in gonorrhea rates have persisted over time (18,29) suggesting that race/ethnicity is a proxy for other STI risk factors. Possible explanatory factors include partner STI prevalence, assortative mixing, historic segregation, racism, unequal access to healthcare, or high incarceration rates. (18,29,32,34) Our primary objective was to determine if the spatial pattern of gonorrhea observed for North Carolina (NC) was influenced by neighbourhood-level socio-cultural determinants of health ( Figure 1). A secondary objective was to investigate the influence of race/ethnicity o...

The authors' purpose was to expand sexually transmitted disease core theory by examining the roles of person, place, and time in differentiating geographic core areas from outbreak areas. The authors mapped yearly census-tract-level syphilis rates for San Francisco, California, based on new primary and secondary syphilis cases reported to the San Francisco City sexually transmitted disease surveillance program between January 1, 1985, and December 31, 2007. SaTScan software (Information Management Services, Inc., Silver Spring, Maryland) was used to identify geographic clusters of significantly elevated syphilis rates over space and time. The authors graphed epidemic curves for 1) core areas, 2) outbreak areas, 3) neither core nor outbreak areas, and 4) noncore areas, where noncore areas included outbreaks, and stratified these curves according to demographic characteristics. Five clusters of significantly elevated primary and secondary syphilis rates were identified. A 5-year threshold was useful for differentiating core clusters from outbreak clusters. Epidemic curves for core areas, outbreak areas, neither core nor outbreak areas, and noncore areas were perfectly synchronized in phase trends and wavelength over time, even when broken down by demographic characteristics. Between epidemics, the occurrence of syphilis affected all demographic groups equally. During an epidemic, a temporary disparity in syphilis occurrence arose and a homogeneous core group of cases could be defined.

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Toronto's syphilis epidemic is mature. Response, resources, and intervention activities should target core and noncore areas.