The aim of the study was to investigate whether the wines produced in France, Italy, Spain, and Poland differ in composition of volatile compounds, and whether red wines from Poland can be distinguished from those of other European countries. Thirty-five aroma compounds belonging to several groups -13 alcohols, 9 acids, 3 aldehydes, 7 esters, 2 ketones, and 1 volatile phenolwere identified in the examined wines. The proportions of volatile compounds in wines from the four selected countries were similar. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between French, Italian, Spanish, and Polish wines for 3-methylbutan-1-ol, butane-2,3-diol, phenylmethanol, 2-phenylethanol, dodecan-1-ol, propane-1,2,3-triol, diethyl butanedioate, 3-hydroxybutan-2-one, and 4-ethylphenol. In addition, diethyl butanedioate distinguished Polish wines from the other wines. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) showed that the Polish wines were well separated from the other wines.
ARTICLE HISTORY
The authentication of grape variety from which wine is produced is necessary for protecting a consumer from adulteration and false labelling. The aim of this study was to analyze phenolic compounds in red monovarietal wines produced from Zweigelt (Vitis vinifera) and Rondo (non-Vitis vinifera) varieties while using the UPLC-PDA-MS/MS method and to assess whether these wines can be classified according to grape variety that is based on chemometric analysis. Fifty-five phenolic compounds belonging to five classes—anthocyanins, flavonols, flavan-3-ols, phenolic acids, and stilbenes—were identified and quantified in Zweigelt and Rondo wines. The wines of the Zweigelt variety were characterized by lower concentrations of phenolic compounds than those of the Rondo variety. Furthermore, wines of the Zweigelt variety contained the highest concentrations of flavan-3-ols, and wines of the Rondo variety—the highest concentrations of anthocyanins. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) revealed that Zweigelt wines and Rondo wines formed two separate groups. The Rondo group was divided into two subgroups, differing in type of malolactic fermentation (spontaneous or induced). Phenolic compounds analysis by means of UPLC-PDA-MS/MS combined with HCA is a useful tool for the classification of red wines that were produced from Zweigelt and Rondo grape varieties, regardless of yeast strain and type of malolactic fermentation.
Authenticity and the geographical origin of wines are terms of great importance for consumers and producers. This work is focused on distinguishing between red wines from Poland and from other European countries, notably France, Italy and Spain. To achieve this goal, we determined aroma compounds in wines from different countries by headspace solid-phase microextraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The content of hexan-1-ol in Polish wines was significantly higher (about twice as high) than in French, Italian and Spanish wines. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) showed that 3-(methylsulfanyl) propane-1-ol, hexan-1-ol, ethyl phenylacetate and ethyl 2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoate were the most discriminant variables for distinguishing between wines from Poland and from other European countries. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) revealed that Polish wines were separated thoroughly from the other wines based on ethyl phenylacetate, hexan-1-ol, ethyl 2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoate, (E)-3-hexen-1-ol, 2-phenylethanol and 3-(methylsulfanyl)propan-1-ol, which is important for preventing possible frauds.
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