Background: Impaired glucose metabolism and cystic fibrosis (CF)-related diabetes (CFRD) are associated with insufficient weight gain and impaired lung function in children and adolescents with CF. We have asked whether imminent CFRD may be a cause of poor growth in children and adolescents. Methods: A retrospective case control study including 32 patients with CF with or without diabetes was conducted. Sixteen pairs, matched according to age, gender and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, were analysed. Standard deviation scores (SDS) of height, growth, weight, body mass index (BMI), forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) and forced expiratory flow at 75% of expired FVC (FEF75) were recorded during a mean observation period of 13 years per patient. Results: SDS of height and weight were reduced in CF patients with diabetes compared to those without, not only at the point of diagnosis (both p < 0.05) but years before the evidence of diabetes. Afterwards there was a significant decline in height (p < 0.001) and weight (p < 0.01) SDS in CFRD patients and an increasing difference between the height and weight of CF patients with or without diabetes. In contrast, no significant reduction of BMI-SDS was observed in CFRD patients. All analysed lung function parameters showed a marked decline in CFRD patients starting 1 year prior to the diagnosis of diabetes. Conclusions: Deteriorating growth, reduced weight and impaired lung function are related to the development of CFRD and are obvious several years before the actual diagnosis of diabetes.

Determinants of low bone turnover in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) are poorly understood. To investigate the relationship between markers of bone turnover, glycaemic control, disease duration and calciotropic hormones in T2DM we assessed baseline biochemical data from the DiabOS Study, a prospective multicenter observational cohort study. In a cross-sectional study-design data from 110 postmenopausal women and men aged 50–75 years diagnosed with T2DM for at least 3 years and 92 non-diabetic controls were evaluated. Biochemical markers of bone formation (N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen [PINP]), bone-specific alkaline phosphatase [BAP]) and resorption (C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type I collagen [CTX]), measures of calcium homeostasis (intact parathormone [iPTH], 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, calcium, magnesium) and glycaemic control were assessed. After adjustment for age, gender and body mass index (BMI), patients with T2DM had lower serum levels of PINP (p < 0.001), CTX (p < 0.001), iPTH (p = 0.03) and magnesium (p < 0.001) compared to controls. Serum calcium, creatinine, 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and sclerostin did not differ between both groups. In multivariate linear regression analyses only serum iPTH remained an independent determinant of bone turnover markers in T2DM (PINP: p = 0.02; CTX: p < 0.001 and BAP: p < 0.01), whereas glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), disease duration, age and BMI were not associated with bone turnover. In conclusion low bone turnover in T2DM is associated with low iPTH. The underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated.

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