Background It is unclear whether acid-base balance disturbances during the perioperative period may impact Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), which is the third most common major infection following cardiac surgery. We hypothesized that perioperative acid-base abnormalities including lactate disturbances may predict the probability of incidence of CDI in patients after cardiac procedures. Methods Of the 12,235 analyzed patients following cardiac surgery, 143 (1.2%) developed CDI. The control group included 200 consecutive patients without diarrhea, who underwent cardiac procedure within the same period of observation. Pre-, intra and post-operative levels of blood gases, as well as lactate and glucose concentrations were determined. Postoperatively, arterial blood was drawn four times: immediately after surgery and successively; 4, 8 and 12 h following the procedure. Results Baseline pH was lower and PaO2 was higher in CDI patients (p < 0.001 and p = 0.001, respectively). Additionally, these patients had greater base deficiency at each of the analyzed time points (p < 0.001, p = 0.004, p = 0.012, p = 0.001, p = 0.016 and p = 0.001, respectively). Severe hyperlactatemia was also more common in CDI patients; during the cardiac procedure, 4 h and 12 h after surgery (p = 0.027, p = 0.004 and p = 0.001, respectively). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that independent risk factors for CDI following cardiac surgery were as follows: intraoperative severe hyperlactatemia (OR 2.387, 95% CI 1.155–4.933, p = 0.019), decreased lactate clearance between values immediately and 12 h after procedure (OR 0.996, 95% CI 0.994–0.999, p = 0.013), increased age (OR 1.045, 95% CI 1.020–1.070, p < 0.001), emergent surgery (OR 2.755, 95% CI 1.565–4.848, p < 0.001) and use of antibiotics other than periprocedural prophylaxis (OR 2.778, 95% CI 1.690–4.565, p < 0.001). Conclusion This study is the first to show that perioperative hyperlactatemia and decreased lactate clearance may be predictors for occurrence of CDI after cardiac surgery.

IntroductionSeveral strategies are still being introduced to cardiac surgery techniques to reduce the signs of the inflammatory response and oxidative stress. Many efforts have been made to develop the best possible method for myocardial protection.AimTo assess the effect of the cardioplegia strategy on the systemic inflammatory response and oxidative stress.Material and methodsA group of 238 consecutive, elective on-pump coronary artery bypass graft patients (CABG; 183 men, aged 64.6 ±8.1 years) were prospectively studied. Patients were enrolled in two groups: with warm blood cardioplegia (n = 124) and with cold crystalloid cardioplegia (n = 114). In each group, pre- and postoperative levels of plasma C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, interleukin 6 and 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-PGF2α) were measured.ResultsAll studied markers significantly increased 18–36 h following CABG and then decreased in 5–7 postoperative days but remained above baseline levels. No differences in terms of studied markers and clinical outcomes were noted for the different types of cardioplegia. Regression analysis showed a significant correlation between preoperative level of oxidative stress measured by 8-iso-PGF2α and postoperative myocardial infarction as well as in-hospital cardiovascular death (p = 0.047 and p = 0.041 respectively).ConclusionsThis study extends previous reports by showing that the type of cardioplegia does not affect the systemic inflammatory response or oxidative stress, which are associated with the CABG procedure. It might be speculated that preoperative screening of oxidative stress could be helpful in identifying patients at increased risk of an unfavorable course after CABG.

INTRODUCTION. Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is considered one of the most common reasons for hospitalization and the third leading cause of death related to infectious diseases in children. The incidence and prevalence of campylobacteriosis is lower in Poland than in other parts of the European Union. THE AIM OF THE STUDY. The aim of the study was to investigate the epidemiology and clinical features of AGE in hospitalized children. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study population comprised 462 consecutive patients with AGE, hospitalized in the Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Hepatology at John Paul II Hospital in Krakow during 2016. After admission in the hospital, the patients' stool samples were collected and tested for viral or bacterial pathogens. The specimens were analyzed using classical cultural methods and qualitative immunochromatographic assays for pathogens screening. The patients' age, sex, etiological factor, seasonal distribution, hospital length of stay and symptoms of disease were collected retrospectively. RESULTS. The median age of AGE patients was 3.0 years [1.5-5.5]. Eighty percent of all AGE cases occurred in patients under 5 years of age (p<0.001). Rotavirus was the leading cause of AGE and Campylobacter was the most common bacterial pathogen (p=0.001, p=0.05 respectively). The average length of hospital stay was 3.1 ± 1.6 days. The longest hospitalization stays were related to patients with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella (p<0.001 for all). A seasonal pattern was observed for etiological factors of AGE (p<0.001). Fever, diarrhea and pathological stool contaminations occurred more frequently in patients with bacterial AGE (p<0.001 for all). SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS. This study showed that routine diagnosis of Campylobacter in all children with AGE is associated with a higher than reported prevalence of campylobacteriosis.

Background Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is the most common cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea. There is little available data regarding risk factors of CDI for patients who undergo cardiac surgery. The study evaluated the course of CDI in patients after cardiac surgery. Methods Of 6,198 patients studied, 70 (1.1%) developed CDI. The control group consisted of 73 patients in whom CDI was excluded. Perioperative data and clinical outcomes were analyzed. Results Patients with CDI were significantly older in comparison to the control group (median age 73.0 vs 67.0, P = 0.005) and more frequently received proton pump inhibitors, statins, β-blockers and acetylsalicylic acid before surgery (P = 0.008, P = 0.012, P = 0.004, and P = 0.001, respectively). In addition, the presence of atherosclerosis, coronary disease and history of malignant neoplasms correlated positively with the development of CDI (P = 0.012, P = 0.036 and P = 0.05, respectively). There were no differences in the type or timing of surgery, aortic cross-clamp and cardiopulmonary bypass time, volume of postoperative drainage and administration of blood products between the studied groups. Relapse was more common among overweight patients with high postoperative plasma glucose or patients with higher C-reactive protein during the first episode of CDI, as well as those with a history of coronary disease or diabetes mellitus (P = 0.005, P = 0.030, P = 0.009, P = 0.049, and P = 0.025, respectively). Fifteen patients died (21.4%) from the CDI group and 7 (9.6%) from the control group (P = 0.050). Emergent procedures, prolonged stay in the intensive care unit, longer mechanical ventilation and high white blood cell count during the diarrhea were associated with higher mortality among patients with CDI (P = 0.05, P = 0.041, P = 0.004 and P = 0.007, respectively). Conclusions The study did not reveal any specific cardiac surgery-related risk factors for development of CDI.

Background: We previously demonstrated that enhanced oxidative stress and reduced nitric oxide bioavailability are associated with unfavorable outcomes early after coronary artery bypass grafting. It is not known whether these processes may impact long-term results. We sought to assess whether during long-term follow-up, markers of oxidative stress and nitric oxide bioavailability may predict cardiovascular mortality following bypass surgery. Methods: We studied 152 consecutive patients (118 men, age 65.2 ± 8.3 years) who underwent elective, primary, isolated on-pump bypass surgery. We measured plasma 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α and asymmetric dimethylarginine before surgery and twice after surgery (18–36 h and 5–7 days). We assessed all-cause and cardiovascular death in relation to these two biomarkers during a mean follow-up time of 11.7 years. Results: The overall mortality was 44.7% (4.7 per 100 patient-years) and cardiovascular mortality was 21.0% (2.2 per 100 patient-years). Baseline 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α was associated with cardiovascular mortality (HR 1 pg/mL 1.010, 95% CI 1.001–1.021, p = 0.036) with the optimal cut-off ≤ 364 pg/mL for higher survival rate (HR 0.460, 95% CI 0.224–0.942, p = 0.030). Asymmetric dimethylarginine > 1.01 μmol/L measured 18–36 h after surgery also predicted cardiovascular death (HR 2.467, 95% CI 1.140–5.340, p = 0.020). Additionally, elevated 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α measured at the same time point associated with all-cause mortality (HR 1 pg/mL 1.007, 95% CI 1.000–1.014, p = 0.048). Conclusions: Our findings indicate that in advanced coronary disease, increased oxidative stress, reflected by 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α before bypass surgery and enhanced asymmetric dimethylarginine accumulation just after the surgery are associated with cardiovascular death during long-term follow-up